Principles of Cost Accounting 15 th edition Edward J. VanDerbeck © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1

Chapter 7 The Master Budget and Flexible Budgeting 2

Learning Objectives LO1Explain the general principles involved in the budgeting process. LO2Identify and prepare the components of the master budget. LO3Identify and prepare components of the flexible budget. 3

Learning Objectives (cont.) LO4Explain the procedures to determine standard amounts of factory overhead at different levels of production. 4

Principles of Budgeting 1. Define objectives. 2. Set realistic, possible goals. 3. Carefully consider economic developments, the general business climate, and the condition of the industry. 4. Constantly analyze the actual results as compared with the budget. 5. Create a budget flexible enough to modify in the light of changing conditions. 6. Clearly define the responsibility for forecasting costs and the accountability for actual results. 5

Preparing the Master Budget Master or static budget is prepared for a single level of volume based on the best estimate of the level of production and sales for the coming period. Master or static budget is prepared for a single level of volume based on the best estimate of the level of production and sales for the coming period. The sales budget is the starting point for all budgets. The sales budget is the starting point for all budgets. From the sales budget, production requirements are determined. From the sales budget, production requirements are determined. 6

Budgeted Income Statement Sales budget Sales budget Cost of goods sold budget Cost of goods sold budget Production budget Production budget Direct materials budget Direct materials budget Direct labor budget Direct labor budget Factory overhead budget Factory overhead budget Selling and administrative expenses budget Selling and administrative expenses budget 7

Sales Budget This is the basis for preparing all other budgets. This is the basis for preparing all other budgets. Projects the volume of sales both in units and dollars. Projects the volume of sales both in units and dollars. 8

Production Budget After the sales forecast and inventory levels have been determined, management can determine production requirements. After the sales forecast and inventory levels have been determined, management can determine production requirements. Units to be sold 100,000 Ending inventory required 4,500 Total104,500 Beginning inventory 2,500 Units to be manufactured 102,000 Units per month (102,000/12) 8,500 9

Direct Materials Budget The direct materials budget is prepared once the production requirements have been determined. The direct materials budget is prepared once the production requirements have been determined. The desired ending inventory for each material is added to the quantity needed to meet production needs, and that total is reduced by the estimated beginning inventory to determine the amount of materials to be purchased. The desired ending inventory for each material is added to the quantity needed to meet production needs, and that total is reduced by the estimated beginning inventory to determine the amount of materials to be purchased. 10

Direct Labor Budget The production requirements are used to prepare the direct labor budget. The production requirements are used to prepare the direct labor budget. Standard labor time allowed per unit is multiplied by the number of units to be produced to obtain the total direct manufacturing labor hours. Standard labor time allowed per unit is multiplied by the number of units to be produced to obtain the total direct manufacturing labor hours. 11

Factory Overhead Budget Consists of the estimated individual factory overhead items needed to meet production requirements. Consists of the estimated individual factory overhead items needed to meet production requirements. Factory Overhead Budget Indirect materials $225,000 Indirect labor 375,250 Depreciation of building 85,000 Depreciation of machinery and equipment 67,500 Insurance and property taxes 48,750 Power and light 29,800 Total factory overhead cost $831,300 12

Cost of Goods Sold Budget Budget is prepared once the direct material, direct labor, and factory overhead budgets have been completed. Budget is prepared once the direct material, direct labor, and factory overhead budgets have been completed. The estimated beginning inventories and the desired ending inventories of WIP and Finished Goods are included to compute the cost of goods sold. The estimated beginning inventories and the desired ending inventories of WIP and Finished Goods are included to compute the cost of goods sold. 13

Selling & Administrative Expenses Budget The selling and administrative expenses budget may be prepared once the sales forecast has been made. The selling and administrative expenses budget may be prepared once the sales forecast has been made. This budget has separate sections for selling and administrative expenses. This budget has separate sections for selling and administrative expenses. 14

Budgeted Income Statement Once the preceding budgets have been completed, the budgeted income statement may be prepared. Once the preceding budgets have been completed, the budgeted income statement may be prepared. If the budgeted profit does not meet expectation, management may wish to reevaluate their original estimates with appropriate managers to determine what changes might be made to improve profitability. If the budgeted profit does not meet expectation, management may wish to reevaluate their original estimates with appropriate managers to determine what changes might be made to improve profitability. 15

Budgeted Balance Sheet Cash budget Cash budget Shows the anticipated cash flow and the timing of cash receipts and disbursements. Shows the anticipated cash flow and the timing of cash receipts and disbursements. Accounts receivable budget Accounts receivable budget Based on anticipated sales, credit terms, the economy, and other relevant factors. Based on anticipated sales, credit terms, the economy, and other relevant factors. Liabilities budget Liabilities budget Reflects how the company’s cash position will be affected by paying their liabilities. Reflects how the company’s cash position will be affected by paying their liabilities. Capital expenditures budget Capital expenditures budget A plan for the timing of acquisitions of buildings, equipment, or other significant assets during the period. A plan for the timing of acquisitions of buildings, equipment, or other significant assets during the period. 16

Flexible Budgeting A plan of what will happen to a company under varying sets of conditions. A plan of what will happen to a company under varying sets of conditions. The company plans in advance what the effect will be on revenue, expense, and profit if sales or production differ from the budget. The company plans in advance what the effect will be on revenue, expense, and profit if sales or production differ from the budget. Standard production is determined and the initial calculation of variable and fixed costs is based on this level of production. Standard production is determined and the initial calculation of variable and fixed costs is based on this level of production. 17

Preparing the Flexible Budget 28,000 units 30,000 units 32,000 units Sales ($150/unit) $4,200,000$4,500,000$4,800,000 Direct materials: Lumber ($20/unit) 560,000600,000640,000 Paint ($4/unit) Paint ($4/unit)112,000120,000128,000 Direct labor: Cutting ($3.75/unit) 105,000112,500120,000 Assembly ($2.40/unit) Assembly ($2.40/unit)67,20072,00076,800 Painting ($1.50/unit) Painting ($1.50/unit)42,00045,00048,000 Variable FOH ($6.93/unit) 194,040207,900221,760 Variable S & A expenses ($25.79/unit) 722,120773,700825,280 Contribution Margin ($85.63/unit) $2,397,640$2,568,900$2,740,160 Fixed FOH 207,825207,825207,825 Fixed S & A expenses 773,825773,825773,825 Operating income $1,415,990$1,587,250$1,758,510 18

Performance Report Based on Flexible Budgeting Budget (28,000 units) Actual Variance Sales ($150/unit) $4,200,000$4,250,000 $50,000 F Direct materials: Lumber ($20/unit) 560,000585,000 25,000 U Paint ($4/unit) Paint ($4/unit)112,000108,000 4,000 F Direct labor: Cutting ($3.75/unit) 105,000120,000 15,000 U Assembly ($2.40/unit) Assembly ($2.40/unit)67,20072,000 4,800 U Painting ($1.50/unit) Painting ($1.50/unit)42,00040,000 2,000 F Variable FOH ($6.93/unit) 194,040206,823 12,783 U Variable S & A expenses ($25.79/unit) 722,120719,456 2,644 F Contribution Margin ($85.63/unit) $2,397,640$2,398,721 $1,081 F Fixed FOH 207,825211,765 3,940 U Fixed S & A expenses 773,825770,550 3,275 F Operating income $1,415,990$1,416,406 $416 F 19

Preparing the Flexible Budget for Factory Overhead The standard production level must first be determined. The standard production level must first be determined. The manufacturing capacity must be determined. The manufacturing capacity must be determined. 1. Theoretical capacity 2. Practical capacity 3. Normal capacity 20

Semifixed Costs Semifixed costs are those that generally remain the same in dollar amount through a wide range of activity, but increase when production exceeds certain limits. Semifixed costs are those that generally remain the same in dollar amount through a wide range of activity, but increase when production exceeds certain limits. 21

Semivariable Costs Semivariable costs are those that may change with production but not necessarily in direct proportion. Semivariable costs are those that may change with production but not necessarily in direct proportion. 22

Service Department Budgets and Variances Expenses are estimated at different levels of production, a standard rate for application of service department expenses to production departments is determined based on the type of service and usage by the production departments. Expenses are estimated at different levels of production, a standard rate for application of service department expenses to production departments is determined based on the type of service and usage by the production departments. Production departments are charged with service department expenses at a standard rate, using their actual activity base. Production departments are charged with service department expenses at a standard rate, using their actual activity base. 23

Summarization of the Budgeting Process 1 A Sales Forecast (in units) 2 Inventory Policy (minimum-maximum and stable or fluctuating) 3 Production Plan (in units and by periods) This information aids in developing the 4(a) Direct Material Requirements (quantities and prices) 4(b) Direct Labor Requirements (hours and rates) 4(c) Indirect Cost Requirements (type and behavior – variable, semi-variable and fixed costs) From this information is developed the 5(a) Direct Materials Budget 5(b) Direct Labor Budget 5(c) Factory Overhead Budget From these budgets are developed the 6(a) Standard Product Cost per Unit 6(b) Standard Cost per Unit for Direct Labor 6(c) Standard Cost per Unit for Factory Overhead (These combined figures determine the Standard Unit Cost for the Product.) 24