1. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. CHAPTER 8 BUDGETING FOR PLANNING AND CONTROL

2. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. CHAPTER 8 OBJECTIVES 1.Define budgeting, and discuss its role in planning, controlling, and decision making 2.Prepare the operating budget, identify its major components, and explain the interrelationships of the various components 3.Identify the components of the financial budget, and prepare a cash budget

3. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. CHAPTER 8 OBJECTIVES 4.Define flexible budgeting, and discuss its role in planning, control, and decision making 5.Define activity-based budgeting, and discuss its role in planning, control, and decision making 6.Identify and discuss the key features that a budgetary system should have to encourage managers to engage in goal- congruent behavior.

4. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. THE ROLE OF BUDGETING IN PLANNING AND CONTROL Budgets Quantitative plans for the future Stated in either physical or financial terms or both Control Process of setting standards, receiving feedback on actual performance, and taking corrective action LO-1

5. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. EXHIBIT 8.1—THE MASTER BUDGET AND ITS INTERRELATIONSHIPS LO-1

6. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. THE ROLE OF BUDGETING IN PLANNING AND CONTROL Purposes of Budgeting Forces managers to plan Provides resource information to improve decision making Aids in the use of resources and employees that can be used for evaluation of performance Improves communication and coordination LO-1

7. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. THE ROLE OF BUDGETING IN PLANNING AND CONTROL The Budgeting Process Directing and Coordinating Budget director: works under the direction of the budget committee; usually the controller or someone who reports to the controller Budget committee: responsible for reviewing the budget, providing policy guidelines and budgetary goals, resolving differences, approving the final budget, and monitoring the actual performance LO-1

8. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. THE ROLE OF BUDGETING IN PLANNING AND CONTROL The Budgeting Process Types of Budgets Master budget: financial plan for the year made up of various individual departmental and activity budgets Operating budgets: concerned with the income- generating activities Financial budgets : concerned with the inflows and outflows of cash and with financial position Continuous (or rolling) budget : a moving 12- month budget LO-1

9. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. EXHIBIT 8.2—COMPONENTS OF MASTER BUDGET LO-1

10. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. PREPARING THE OPERATING BUDGET Sales budget: describes expected sales for each product in units and dollars Production budget: describes how many units must be produced in order to meet sales needs and satisfy ending inventory requirements Units to be produced = Unit sales + Desired units in ending inventory – Units in beginning inventory LO-2

11. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. PREPARING THE OPERATING BUDGET Direct materials purchases budget: based on the amount of materials needed for production and the inventories of direct materials Purchases = Expected usage + Desired ending inventory of direct materials – Beginning inventory of direct materials LO-2

12. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. PREPARING THE OPERATING BUDGET Direct labor budget: shows the total direct labor hours and direct labor cost needed for the number of units in the production budget Overhead budget: shows the expected cost of all indirect manufacturing items LO-2

13. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. PREPARING THE OPERATING BUDGET Ending finished goods inventory budget: supplies information for the balance sheet and serves as an input for the cost of goods sold budget Cost of goods sold budget: used in preparing the budgeted income statement LO-2

14. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. PREPARING THE OPERATING BUDGET Marketing expense budget: outlines planned expenditures for selling and distribution activities Administrative expense budget: consists of estimated expenditures for the overall organization and operation of the company LO-2

15. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. PREPARING THE OPERATING BUDGET Research and development expense budget: contains planned expenditures for a separate department devoted to new product research and development Budgeted income statement: culmination of the operating budget LO-2

16. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. PREPARING THE FINANCIAL BUDGET Capital expenditures budget: financial plan outlining the expected acquisition of long- term assets LO-3

17. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. PREPARING THE FINANCIAL BUDGET Cash Budget Detailed plan that shows all expected sources and uses of cash Five main sections 1.Total cash available 2.Cash disbursements 3.Cash excess or deficiency 4.Financing 5. Cash balance LO-3

18. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. EXHIBIT 8.4—THE CASH BUDGET LO-3

19. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. PREPARING THE FINANCIAL BUDGET Budgeted Balance Sheet Represents the culmination of the financial events of the coming year Shows management where the company is expected to be at the end of the year LO-3

20. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. EXHIBIT 8.5—BALANCE SHEET FOR ABT, INC. LO-3

21. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. EXHIBIT 8.6—BUDGETED BALANCE SHEET FOR ABT, INC. LO-3

22. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. PREPARING THE FINANCIAL BUDGET Shortcomings of the Traditional Master Budget Process 1.Department oriented and does not recognize the interdependencies among departments 2.Static, not dynamic Static budget: developed for a single level of activity Incremental approach: current budget based on last year’s amounts as adjusted for inflation Zero-base budgeting: prior year’s budgeted level is not taken for granted LO-3

23. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. PREPARING THE FINANCIAL BUDGET Shortcomings of the Traditional Master Budget Process 3.Results, not process, oriented Managers concentrate on resources and may fail to see the link between resources and output LO-3

24. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. FLEXIBLE BUDGETS FOR PLANNING AND CONTROL Static Budgets versus Flexible Budgets Static budgets: developed around a single level of activity Flexible budgets: there are two types A flexible budget (1) provides expected costs for a variety of activity levels, or (2) provides budgeted costs for the actual level of activity LO-4

25. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. FLEXIBLE BUDGETS FOR PLANNING AND CONTROL Flexible Budgets Total budgeted production costs increase as output increases Sometimes referred to as a variable budget Flexible budget variances are generated by comparing budgeted costs for the actual level of activity with actual costs for the same level LO-4

26. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. FLEXIBLE BUDGETS FOR PLANNING AND CONTROL Budgets can be used to examine the efficiency and effectiveness of a company Efficiency is achieved when the business process is performed in the best possible way, with little or no waste Effectiveness means that a manager achieves or exceeds the goals described by the static budget LO-4

27. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. EXHIBIT 8.7—ABT PERFORMANCE REPORT FOR QUARTER 1: COMPARISON OF ACTUAL WITH STATIC (MASTER) BUDGET AMOUNTS LO-4

28. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. EXHIBIT 8.8—MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE REPORT: QUARTERLY PRODUCTION (IN THOUSANDS) LO-4

29. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. ACTIVITY-BASED BUDGETS Flexible budgeting allows creation of budgets for varying levels of activity Begins with output and then determines the resources necessary to create that output Works backward from activities and their drivers to the underlying costs LO-5

30. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. EXHIBIT 8.9—TRADITIONAL BUDGET FOR THE SECURE-CARE DEPARTMENT LO-5

31. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. EXHIBIT 8.10—FLEXIBLE BUDGET FOR THE SECURE-CARE DEPARTMENT LO-5

32. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. EXHIBIT 8.11—ACTIVITY-BASED BUDGET FOR THE SECURE-CARE DEPARTMENT LO-5

33. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. ACTIVITY-BASED BUDGETS Feature costing: assigns costs to activities and products or services based on the product’s or service’s features LO-5

34. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. THE BEHAVIORAL DIMENSION OF BUDGETING Budgets are often used to judge the actual performance of managers The alignment of managerial and organizational goals is often referred to as goal congruence Dysfunctional behavior involves individual behavior that is in basic conflict with the goals of the organization LO-6

35. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. THE BEHAVIORAL DIMENSION OF BUDGETING Characteristics of a Good Budgetary System Frequent Feedback on Performance Monetary and Nonmonetary Incentives Participative Budgeting Realistic Standards Controllability of Costs Multiple Measures of Performance LO-6

36. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password- protected website for classroom use. END OF CHAPTER 8