Data Resource Management Chapter # 5

Learning Objectives (continued) Illustrate each of the following concepts: Logical data elements Major types of databases Data warehouses and data mining Fundamental database structures Database access methods Database development Explain how database management software helps business professionals and supports the operations and management of a business.

Learning Objectives Explain the importance of implementing data resource management processes and technologies in an organization. Understand the advantages of a database management approach to managing the data resources of a business.

Technical Foundations of Database Management Section I Technical Foundations of Database Management

Foundation Data Concepts (continued) Levels of data Character Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol or (byte) example a, C, 8, * Field Groupings of characters Represents an attribute of some entity Example Lahore , Asim, 1200, 12/42008

Foundation Data Concepts (continued) Records Related fields of data Collection of attributes that describe an entity Fixed-length or variable-length Example: name course grade

Foundation Data Concepts (continued) Files A single table may be referred to a flat file A group of related records Classified by Primary use Type of data permanence

Foundation Data Concepts (continued) Database Integrated collection of logically related data elements Combine records into a common pool of data elements Data is independent of the application program using them and type of storage device

Foundation Data Concepts Logical Data Elements

Database Structures A database is an integrated collection of logically related data elements. Five fundamental database structure:- Hierarchical Treelike One-to-many relationship Used for structured, routine types of transaction processing

Database Structures (continued) Network More complex Many-to-many relationship More flexible but doesn’t support ad hoc requests well

Database Structures (continued) Relational Data elements stored in simple tables Can link data elements from various tables Very supportive of ad hoc requests but slower at processing large amounts of data than hierarchical or network models Relational operations Select : to create a subset on given criteria Join : two or more table Project: join columns to construct specific report, or answer question Tools: oracle , DB2, SQL, Access

Database Structures (continued) Multi-Dimensional A variation of the relational model Cubes of data and cubes within cubes Easy to understand Popular for online analytical processing (OLAP) applications

Database Structures (Multi-Dimensional)

Database Structures (continued) Object-oriented Key technology of multimedia web-based applications Entity, attributes, and related operations are combined in single object Good for complex, high-volume applications like graphics, audio, video Web based applications and CAD

Database Structures (continued)

Evaluation of Database Structure Hierarchal: Basic and for routine types of transaction processing Network: more flexible, can handle data for more than one department Relational: easier to work easier to maintain, end user easily retrieve information Object oriented and Multidimensional models are growing steadily

Database Development Database administrators use the DDL (Data Definition Language) like Oracle 10g or IBM DB2 Data dictionary Directory containing metadata (data about data) Structure Data elements Interrelationships Information regarding access and use Maintenance & security issues

Data Planning & Database Design Database Development Data Planning & Database Design Planning & Design Process Top down planning process (figure 5-10) Enterprise model Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs) Data modeling Develop logical framework for the physical design

Data Planning Corporate planning and analysis function Developing the overall data architecture

Managing Data Resources Section II Managing Data Resources

Data Resource Management A managerial activity Applies information systems technology to managing data resources to meet needs of business stakeholders. Data from internal operations and from external environment Each mouse click generate fresh piece of data, analyze each click for competitive advantage

Types of Databases Operational database Supports business processes and operations Also called subject-area databases, transaction databases, HR database, and production databases

Types of Databases (continued) Distributed Replicated and distributed copies or parts of databases on network servers at a variety of sites. Done to improve database performance and security Storage requirements Primary challenge is data accuracy, Replication and duplication

Types of Databases (continued) External Available for a fee from commercial sources or with or without charge on the Internet or World Wide Web, google Hypermedia Hyperlinked pages of multimedia XML,HTML

Data Warehouses and Data Mining Stores data extracted from operational, external, or other databases of an organization Central source of “structured” data May be subdivided into data marts Metadata :data about data

Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued) A major use of data warehouse and databases Data is analyzed to reveal hidden correlations, patterns, and trends Perform market basket analysis Find root cause of problems Cross sell

Traditional File Processing Different application programs creates information Organized in different file and in different ways Too difficult, inflexible and too costly No common application to retrieve Data redundancy : wasted and inefficient storage of data Lack of Data integrity : conflicted contents of files Updating: adding and modifying records

Traditional file Processing

Database Management Approach Consolidates data records and objects into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs DBMS provides common interface between user and database

Database Management Approach (continued) Database Management System Software interface between users and databases that controls the development, use and maintenance of database Functions Creation, Maintenance the data quality, and use of the database

Database Management Approach (continued)

Database Interrogation Query Supports ad hoc requests Tells the software how you want to organize the data SQL queries Graphical (GUI) & natural queries Boolean Logic Consist of three logical operators AND, OR , NOT

Database Management Approach (continued) Report Generator Turns results of query into a useable report Database Maintenance Updating and correcting data

Database Management Approach (continued) Application Development Data manipulation language Data entry screens, forms, reports, or web pages

Implementing Data Resource Management Database Administration Develop and maintain the data dictionary Design and monitor performance of databases Enforce database use and security standards

Implementing Data Resource Management (continued) Data Administration Standardize collection, storage, and dissemination of data to end users Focused on supporting business processes and strategic business objectives May include developing policy and setting standards

Implementing Data Resource Management (continued) Challenges Technologically complex Vast amounts of data Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and failures

Accessing Databases (continued) Sequential access Data is stored and accessed in a sequence according to a key field Good for periodic processing of a large volume of data, but updating with new transactions can be troublesome

Accessing Databases (continued) Direct access Methods Key transformation Index Indexed sequential access

Discussion Questions How should an e-business enterprise store, access, and distribute data & information about their internal operations & external environment? What roles do database management, data administration, and data planning play in managing data as a business resource?

Discussion Questions (continued) What are the advantages of a database management approach to organizing, accessing, and managing an organization’s data resources? What is the role of a database management system in an e-business information system?

Discussion Questions (continued) Databases of information about a firm’s internal operations were formerly the only databases that were considered to be important to a business. What other kinds of databases are important for a business today? What are the benefits and limitations of the relational database model for business applications?

Discussion Questions (continued) Why is the object-oriented database model gaining acceptance for developing applications and managing the hypermedia databases at business websites? How have the Internet, intranets, extranets, and the World Wide Web affected the types and uses of data resources available to business end users?

References James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas. Management Information Systems: 8th Ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin

Key fields (primary key) Accessing Databases Key fields (primary key) A field unique to each record so it can be distinguished from all other records in a table