10 th Euro Studies Turn in: Nothing Take out:  Planner  Pen/Pencil  Notes Today’s objective:  I can describe how Napoleon rose to power and the lasting effect he had on France and the balance of power in Europe. Today’s Agenda:  Napoleon’s Mistakes  The Congress of Vienna  Fall Paper (?) HW:  Print Instructions on Fall Paper…you will need in class tomorrow!

Napoleon v. Britain Battle of Trafalgar: Battle of Trafalgar: Napoleon’s plan to invade Great Britain Napoleon’s plan to invade Great Britain Defeated by Admiral Lord Nelson Defeated by Admiral Lord Nelson British Navy never challenged again British Navy never challenged again  BritainFrance  10/21/1805 Sea Power

Battle of Trafalgar

Napoleon’s 3 Costly Mistakes

1) The Continental System ordered a blockade (forced all ports to close) to stop trade between Britain and Europe goal to isolate Britain weakened trade, but didn’t destroy it (smuggling) Britain blockaded all neutral ships hurt Napoleon’s empire more than his enemies

The Continental System GOAL : to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe. Berlin Decrees (1806) * British ships were not allowed in European ports. Milan Decree (1807) * Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent. GOAL : to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe. Berlin Decrees (1806) * British ships were not allowed in European ports. Milan Decree (1807) * Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the Continent.

1) The Continental System

2) The Peninsular Campaign Went through Spain to invade Portugal Spanish rioted, so he deposed (kicked out) the Spanish king and replaced him with his brother, Joseph Guerillas (Spanish peasant fighters) ambushed Napoleon’s troops, which weakened France Spanish proved importance of nationalism

Peninsular Campaign: * Portugal did not comply with the Continental System. * France wanted Spain’s support to invade Portugal. * Spain refused, so Napoleon invaded Spain as well!  Spain, Portugal France  1806: Continental System

“The Spanish Ulcer” * Charles IV and Prince Ferdinand called to France * Napleon’s brother, Joseph, becomes new King of Spain * 100,000+ French troops in Madrid. * May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion. * French troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo]. * Charles IV and Prince Ferdinand called to France * Napleon’s brother, Joseph, becomes new King of Spain * 100,000+ French troops in Madrid. * May 2, 1808 [Dos de Mayo] the Spanish rose up in rebellion. * French troops fired on the crowd in Madrid the next day [Tres de Mayo]. "With my banner bearing the words 'Liberty and Emancipation from Superstition, I shall be regarded as the liberator of Spain.“ -Napoleon "The population of Madrid, led astray, has given itself to revolt and murder. French blood has flowed. It demands vengeance. All those arrested in the uprising, arms in hand, will be shot."

“Second of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)

“Third of May, 1808” by Goya (1810)

“The Spanish Ulcer” * Napoleon sends 500,000 troops to Spain * Spanish fight “Guerilla War” * British want to weaken France -Move an army (Wellington) into Portugal to aid the Spanish guerillas. * 1814 – French troops forced to retreat and leave Spain * Napoleon sends 500,000 troops to Spain * Spanish fight “Guerilla War” * British want to weaken France -Move an army (Wellington) into Portugal to aid the Spanish guerillas. * 1814 – French troops forced to retreat and leave Spain The Surrender of Madrid May, 1809 by Goya

3) Invasion of Russia French ally, Russia, sold grain to Britain (French enemy), so Napoleon invaded most French troops were drafted, and felt little loyalty Russians used a scorched-earth policy (burned fields and slaughtered livestock to starve soldiers into surrendering) Attacks and cold weather nearly wiped out the French army

3) Invasion of Russia

Konigsberg to Moscow ~ 680 miles (~ 1,100 Km)

3) Invasion of Russia

NAPOLEON’S FINAL DEFEAT After attempting to make a comeback (Hundred Days) and re-conquer France, Napoleon’s army was defeated by the British and Prussians at Waterloo (in Belgium, 1815)

Europe in 1812

The Congress of Vienna (September 1, 1814 – June 9, 1815)

Coin Commemorating the Opening of the Congress of Vienna

Main Objectives  It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:  Reduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.  Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.  Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.  It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done:  Reduce France to its old boundaries  her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level.  Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era.  Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

Key Players at Vienna The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.)

Key Principles Established at Vienna  Balance of Power  Legitimacy  Compensation  Balance of Power  Legitimacy  Compensation  Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.  France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.  Coalition forces would occupy France for 3-5 years.  France would have to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs.

 France was deprived of all territory conquered by Napoléon.  Russia was given most of Duchy of Warsaw (Poland).  Prussia was given half of Saxony, parts of Poland, and other German territories.  A Germanic Confederation of 30+ states (including Prussia) was created from the previous 300, under Austrian rule.  Austria was given back territory it had lost recently, plus more in Germany and Italy.  The House of Orange was given the Dutch Republic and the Austrian Netherlands to rule. Changes Made at Vienna (1)

The Germanic Confederation, 1815

Changes Made at Vienna (2)  Norway and Sweden were joined.  The neutrality of Switzerland was guaranteed.  Hanover was enlarged, and made a kingdom.  Britain was given Cape Colony, South Africa, and various other colonies in Africa and Asia.  Sardinia was given Piedmont, Nice, Savoy, and Genoa.  The Bourbon Ferdinand I was restored in the Two Sicilies.  The Duchy of Parma was given to Marie Louise.  The slave trade was condemned (at British urging).  Freedom of navigation was guaranteed for many rivers.

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Europe in 1812