SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM REVIEW Clinical Health J. Sugahara

Bare Bones Skeletal System = joints and bones (206) Provide a framework for the body Protect vital organs like the brains and spinal cord Serve as levers, when muscles are attached to help us lift and move Store calcium, which may be reabsorbed into the blood if there isn’t enough in the diet Produce blood cells in the red bone marrow.

Two kinds of Bones Compact Homogeneous Spongy Cancellous bones - Spaces or honeycombed

Bone Structure

Categories of Bones Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid

Long Bones

Short Bones Small, cube-shaped bones of wrists, ankles and toes Consist of an outer layer of compact bone w/ inner layer of cancellous bone (latticework structure) Provide support/stability w/ little to no movement

Flat Bones Large, somewhat flat surface that cover organs or provide a surface for large areas of muscle

Irregular Bones Specialized bones with specific shapes Ears, vertebrae, face

Sesamoid Bones Bones embedded in tendon (tough, connective tissue that connects muscle to bone) Knee, hands and feet

Interior – Red and Yellow Marrow Marrow – tissue comprising center of large bones Red Marrow at birth all marrow red Produces red blood cells, platelets and most white blood cells Yellow Marrow Produces some white blood cells Color due to fat More and more marrow becomes yellow as you age

Bones of the Head (cranial bones) Form skull Protects brain/structures inside skull Join at points called sutures Frontal – forehead, roof of eye sockets Ethmoid – nasal cavitiy and orbits of eyes Parietal – top and upper parts of the sides of the skull Temporal – lower part of the skull and the lower sides, incl. openings for ears Occipital – back and base of the skull Sphenoid – base of the cranium, holds frontal, occipital and ethmoid bones

Spinal Column 5 sets of vertebrae Cervical – 7 vertebrae of neck Thoracic – 12 vertebrae that connect to ribs Lumbar – 5 bones of middle back Sacrum – curved bone of the lower back, 5 separate bones at birth = fuse in early childhood Coccyx – tailbone, 4 fused bones Vertebra separated by a thick cartilaginous disc, helps in movement and flexibility

Bones of the Chest Top Clavicle (collarbone) Scapula Sternum (breastbone) 12 pairs of ribs 7 joined to both vertebral column and sternum – “True ribs” 3 joined to vertebral column and 7 th rib – “False ribs” Last two – “false/floating ribs” – do not attach to sternum or other ribs

Bones of the Pelvis Pelvic girdle – large bone that forms hips and supports the trunk of the body Ilium, ischium and pubes Point of attachment for legs Area where two pubic bones join = “pubic symphysis”

Bones of the Extremities Humerous (upper arm) -> ulna and radius (lower arm) -> eight carpals (wrist) -> metacarpals (palm) -> phalanges (fingers) Attaches at scapula, clavicle Femur (thigh) ->patella (kneecap -> tibia (shin) and fibula -> tarsals (ankle) -> phalanges (toes)

Joints Points where bones connect Connected to other bones with ligaments (bands of fibrous tissue) Movement Diarthroses – joints that move freely – knee Amphiarthroses – cartilaginous joins that move slightly – between vertebrae Synarthroses – do not move – between skulls bones Symphyses cartilaginous joints that unit two bones firmly – pubic symphysis Synovial – covered in a membrane that secretes a fluid lubricant and helps joint move easily - hip

Take C. Notes on Skeletal System 1. Pp192 – Don’t forget to write your summary (on the bottom of the first page if possible) 3. Include colored drawings of the following structures: 1. Bone Structure (figure 6-23) 2. Different types of fractures *You will need to look up pictures of the fractures that are not listed as well.

Sources system/ system/