CHAPTER THREE Classical Civilization: India World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Geography– water access; location central trade; somewhat protected from invasion, but not fully isolated Aryans (Indo-Europeans) – people that settled on the Indian subcontinent Vedic Age (1500–1000 B.C.E.) Sanskrit – 1 st literary language Vedas – sacred Hindu texts Epic Age (1000–600 B.C.E.) Mahabharata – great epic poem – battles Ramayana – epic poem – battles Upanishads – religious poems; nature given divine force Varnas (Aryan social classes) Kshatriyas – warriors Brahmans – priests Vaisyas – traders, farmers Sudras – laborers Untouchables

Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Alexander the Great 327 B.C.E., to India Bactria - small state established Chandragupta Maurya (soldier) 322 BCE Mauryan Dynasty – 1 st to unify most of subcontinent autocratic - large army & bureaucracy (postal service) Ashoka (269–232 B.C.E.) conversion to Buddhism further territorial acquisition – ruthless wars Kushans invade from NW Kanishka – converted to Buddhism – foreign rule collapse by 220 C.E. Guptan Empire - from 320 C.E. great period of political stability Huns - invade, 535 C.E. India at the Time of Ashoka

Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Gupta Empire

Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Political Uniform legal code under Guptas Kautilya - chief minister to Chandragupta political treatise- informed rulers how to maintain power No elaborate political institutions dev. (no bureaucracy) Social - Caste System more complex after 600 B.C.E. included sub-castes virtually impossible to climb to higher caste upward mobility possible only within caste eased racial/class tensions; caste defined roles in society no slavery – untouchables – work like slaves but aren’t owned by their masters Why is it significant that the Gupta Empire never developed a bureaucracy? Why might the caste system have become more entrenched after 600 BCE?

Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Religion and Culture Hinduism unifying force not monolithic – tension between religion of rituals for all & religion of mystical brahmans Upanishads reincarnation gurus - mystics major divinities Shiva – destroyer & Vishnu - preserver Gautama Buddha (ca 563–483 B.C.E.) nirvana emphasis on equality – spread rapidly Kamasutra – “Laws of love” - relationships between men & women Architecture/Science stupas – shrines to Buddha How did Buddhism challenge Hinduism?

Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Social Patriarchal arranged marriages; ensure economic links between families women – no voice; but Indian society also emphasized loving relations, emotional support & sexual pleasure Economy – based on Textiles 1 st to manufacture cotton cloth, cashmere Iron working steel – best in world Long-distance trade – by land & sea Indian influences spread - through trade – w/China & ME - through Buddhism

Chapter 3: Classical Civilization: India Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Comparison b/w China and India Contrasts Indian sensuality v. Chinese restraint in art India more rigid socially Similarities large peasant classes patriarchy Venn Diagram Activity: Choose only 3 Compare & Contrast Buddhism & Hinduism – views on gender, social hierarchy & inequalities Compare & Contrast the classical civilizations of India & China in terms of politics & economy. Compare & Contrast gender roles in India & China. Compare & Contrast the lifestyles of peasants, merchants, and elites in any two classical civilizations.