AP Biology Tour of the Cell 1

AP Biology Prokaryote bacteria cells Types of cells Eukaryote animal cells - no organelles - organelles Eukaryote plant cells

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Basic features of all cells: – Plasma membrane – Cytoplasm – Chromosomes (carry genes) – Ribosomes (make proteins)

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions Prokaryotes No membrane bound nucleus DNA located in an area called a nucleoid No membrane bound organelles Bacteria 1-10um Eukaryotes Membrane bound nucleus DNA located inside a nuclear membrane Membrane bound organelles Eukaryotes um

LE 6-6 A typical rod-shaped bacterium A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM) 0.5 µm Pili Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Cell wall Capsule Flagella Bacterial chromosome

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Prokaryotic parts Pili- Attachment; conjugation Ribosomes – make proteins Plasma membrane – membrane around cytoplasm Cell wall – structure outside cell membrane; made of peptidoglycan for many bacteria Capsule – jelly-like outer coating Flagella – tail for movement

LE 6-7 Total surface area (height x width x number of sides x number of boxes) Total volume (height x width x length X number of boxes) Surface-to-volume ratio (surface area  volume) Surface area increases while Total volume remains constant Why can’t cells grow indefinitely in size?

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings A Panoramic View of the Eukaryotic Cell A eukaryotic cell has internal membranes that partition the cell into organelles Plant and animal cells have most of the same organelles

AP Biology Why organelles?  Specialized structures  specialized functions  cilia or flagella for locomotion  Containers  partition cell into compartments  create different local environments  ie. separate pH  Membranes as sites for chemical reactions  embedded enzymes & reaction centers  chloroplasts & mitochondria mitochondria chloroplast Golgi ER

AP Biology Cells gotta work to live!  What jobs do cells have to do?  make proteins  proteins control every cell function  make energy  for daily life  for growth  make more cells  growth  repair  renewal

AP Biology Building Proteins

AP Biology Proteins do all the work! cells DNA proteins organism Repeat after me… Proteins do all the work!

AP Biology Cells functions  Building proteins overview  read DNA instructions  build proteins  process proteins  folding  modifying  removing amino acids  adding other molecules e.g, making glycoproteins for cell membrane  address & transport proteins

AP Biology Building Proteins  Organelles involved  nucleus  ribosomes  endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Golgi apparatus  vesicles nucleusribosomeER Golgi apparatus vesicles The Protein Assembly Line

AP Biology nuclear pores nuclear pore nuclear envelope nucleolus histone protein chromosome DNA  Function  protects DNA  Structure  nuclear envelope  double membrane  membrane fused in spots to create pores  allows large macromolecules to pass through Nucleus What kind of molecules need to pass through?

AP Biology DNA Nucleus mRNA nuclear membrane small ribosomal subunit large ribosomal subunit cytoplasm mRNA nuclear pore production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore 1 2

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Nucleolus  Function  ribosome production  build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins  exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ribosomes small subunit large subunit ribosome rRNA & proteins nucleolus

AP Biology small subunit large subunit Ribosomes  Function  protein production  Structure  rRNA & protein  2 subunits combine 0.08  m Ribosomes Rough ER Smooth ER

AP Biology membrane proteins Types of Ribosomes  Free ribosomes  suspended in cytosol  synthesize proteins that function in cytosol  Bound ribosomes  attached to endoplasmic reticulum  synthesize proteins for export or for membranes

AP Biology Endoplasmic Reticulum  Function  processes proteins  manufactures membranes  synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds  Structure  membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends throughout cell

AP Biology Types of ER roughsmooth

AP Biology Smooth ER function  Membrane production  Many metabolic processes  synthesis  synthesize lipids  oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones  hydrolysis  hydrolyze glycogen into glucose  in liver  detoxify drugs & poisons  in liver  ex. alcohol & barbiturates

AP Biology Membrane Factory  Build new membrane  synthesize phospholipids  builds membranes  ER membrane expands  bud off & transfer to other parts of cell that need membranes

AP Biology Rough ER function  Produce proteins for export out of cell  protein secreting cells  packaged into transport vesicles for export Which cells have lot of rough ER?

AP Biology Synthesizing proteins cytoplasm cisternal space mRNA ribosome membrane of endoplasmic reticulum polypeptide signal sequence ribosome

AP Biology Golgi Apparatus Which cells have lots of Golgi? transport vesicles secretory vesicles  Function  finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products  like “UPS shipping department”  ships products in vesicles  membrane sacs  “UPS trucks”

AP Biology Golgi Apparatus

AP Biology Vesicle transport vesicle budding from rough ER fusion of vesicle with Golgi apparatus migrating transport vesicle protein ribosome

Regents Biology DNA RNA ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle protein on its way! protein finished protein Making Proteins TO: nucleus

AP Biology proteins transport vesicle Golgi apparatus vesicle smooth ER rough ER nuclear pore nucleus ribosome cell membrane protein secreted cytoplasm Making proteins Putting it together…

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