 Two Studies Evaluated  Procedures used: Parametric vs. Non-Parametric  Summary of Studies Evaluated  Statistical Tests and Results  Hypothesis Testing Errors  Consequences  Additional Corroborating Studies  Summary  References

Parametric Procedures  Parametric- can be described as limits or boundaries or guidelines.  Methodology:  A)Questionnaire  B) Exposure assessment monitoring  C) Individual physical health assessment  D) Laboratory examination  E) Work analysis  Symptoms  Acute  Chronic  Activities

Nonparametric Procedures  Nonparametric – is explanation and assumptions that are made which are met. Also nonparametric procedures are quick answers with little calculations.  Obesity- being over weight with excessive body mass index  Health Cost - increasing cost due to obesity

Why Procedures Were Used  Parametric  Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology  “Pesticide exposure, risk factors and health problems among cut flower farmers: a cross sectional study” (Hoppin, Umbach, London, Lynch, Alavanja, & Sandler, 2006).  Nonparametric  “Obesity in the Midst of Unyielding Food Insecurity in Developing Countries” (Vang, Singh, Lee, Haddad, & Brinegar, 2008).

Statistical Tests Used- Meat Study  Prospective Cohort Study  Commonality-Adventist Lifestyle  Self-Administered Questionnaires  Dietary Intake, Anthropometrics, Disease History and Demographic Factors.  Adequate sampling  8,401 Baseline Non-Diabetic Cohorts  17-Year Follow-Up

 Prospective Cohort Study  Commonality-Pesticide Applicators  Self-administered Questionnaires  Medical History, Smoking Habits, and  Demographic Factors  2 nd Follow-Up Questionnaire  Adequate Sampling  17,920 Farmers and 2,255  Commercial Applicators  4-Year Time Frame

 Both studies are inferential  Both studies are positively correlational  Meat study concludes meat consumption may increase chances of contracting diabetes  The pesticide study associates frequent use of pesticides with increased chance of developing respiratory problems

 Alterative Hypothesis (1)  Null Hypothesis (1)

 Alterative Hypothesis (2)  Null Hypothesis (2)

 Type 1 Error  Type 2 Error

 Type 1 Error (the researchers)  Type 2 Error

 Iowa Woman's Health Study  35% Increase In Risk Of Diabetes  Health Professionals Study  27% Increased Risk For Diabetes  Nurses Health Study  26% Increased Risk Per Serving

 Study of Asthma & Allergies In Children  12.4% Of The Population Was Affected  Study In Serra Gaucha & Southern Brazil  95% Of Population Was Affected

 Do Studies Corroborate  Does Meat Cause Type 2 Diabetes  Do Pesticides Cause Respiratory Problems

Summary  Organophosphate insecticides has a role in Respiratory outcomes  Respiratory illness four times higher in farm workers

Summary  Increase risk of diabetes with diet high in red meat.  Connection between Saturated and low polyunsaturated fats being linked to hyperinsulinemia  Association of red meat with elevated levels of glucagons and cortisol hormones  Positive Correlation with a diet rich in fish linked with low rate of diabetes

Faria, N., Faccini, L., Gastal, F., & Tomasi, E. (2005). Pesticides and respiratory symptoms among farmers. Retrieved on from Fung, TT., Schulze, M., Manson, JE., Willett, WC., & Hu, FB. (2004). Dietary patterns. Meat intake, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in woman. Retrieved on from Hoppin, J., Umbach, D., London, S., Lynch, C., Alavanja, M., & Sandler, D. (2006). Pesticides and adult respiratory outcomes in the agricultural health study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1076(1), Retrieved from Ebscohost. Loma Linda School of Public Health. (2009). Adventist Health Studies. Retrieved

Meyer, K., Kushi, L., Jacobs, D., & Folsom, A. (2010). Dietary Fat and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Older Iowa Women. Retrieved on from Salameh, P.R,, Baldi, I., Brochard, P.,Raherison, C.,Abi Saleh, B., & Salamon, R. (2003). Respiratory symptoms in children and exposure to pesticides. Retrieved on , from Texas Cooperative Extension, Texas A & M University System (2008). Using Pesticides Private Applicator Manual. Texas Cooperative Extension, AgriLife. Van Dam, R., Willett, W., Rimm, E., Stampfer, M., & Hu, F. (2010). Dietary Fat and Meat Intake in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Men. Retrieved on , from Vang, A., Singh, P., Lee, J., Haddad, E., & Brinegar, C. (2008). meats, processed meats, obesity, weight gain and occurrence of diabetes among adults: findings from adventist health studies. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 52(2), Retrieved from Ebscohost.