5.5 Classification

i. ii. iii. iv. A. B. C. D.

5.5.1 Outline the binomial system of nomenclature. Linnaeus; Greek/LatinLinnaeus; Greek/Latin Genus 1 st : capitalized, underlinedGenus 1 st : capitalized, underlined Species 2 nd : not cap., but underlinedSpecies 2 nd : not cap., but underlined –Homo sapiens Later reference can be H. sapiensLater reference can be H. sapiens Name in brackets afterwards = who 1 st named/identifiedName in brackets afterwards = who 1 st named/identified –Malaclemys terrapin [Schoepf] WHY?WHY? –Universal language vs. common names –Show evolutionary relationships

5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. KingdomKingdom PhylumPhylum ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily GenusGenus SpeciesSpeciesAnimaliaChordataAvesPiciformesPicidaeCampephilusprincipalis Ivory-billed woodpecker PlantaeAngiospermophytaMagnoliopsidaGentianalesAsclepiadaceaeAsclepiassyriacamilkweed

5.5.2 List seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa - using an example from two different kingdoms for each level. More similar = closer grouping, evolutionary relationshipsMore similar = closer grouping, evolutionary relationships Linnaeus-1700s (2 Kingdoms)Linnaeus-1700s (2 Kingdoms) Now...5 (or 6) KingdomsNow...5 (or 6) Kingdoms –Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista (Protista), Prokaryotae (Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)

5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: All plants: photosynthetic, chlorophyll, cellulose cell wall, permanent vacuoles, store starch Differences: vegetation (leaves, stems) reproduction

5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Bryophyta Little! Mosses, liverworts, hornwortsLittle! Mosses, liverworts, hornworts STEMS: radial (mosses) or bilateral symmetry (liverworts)STEMS: radial (mosses) or bilateral symmetry (liverworts) –NO true LEAVES or ROOTS, No cuticle Non-vascularNon-vascular –NO xylem/phloem Repro structure = sporangium on long stalks, capsule on end; releases spore  new plantRepro structure = sporangium on long stalks, capsule on end; releases spore  new plant –NO flowers/seeds

5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Filicinophyta Ferns & HorsetailsFerns & Horsetails Height up to 20 mHeight up to 20 m STEMS: non-woody (herbaceous)STEMS: non-woody (herbaceous) Divided LEAVES; ROOTSDivided LEAVES; ROOTS Vascular (xylem, phloem)Vascular (xylem, phloem) Repro structure = sporangia (sori) contain sporesRepro structure = sporangia (sori) contain spores

5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Coniferophyta Conifers, pinesConifers, pines STEMS: woody (lignin)STEMS: woody (lignin) Waxy, narrow, needle-like/scale-like LEAVES; ROOTSWaxy, narrow, needle-like/scale-like LEAVES; ROOTS Vascular system (tracheids)Vascular system (tracheids) Trees up to 100 m; ShrubsTrees up to 100 m; Shrubs Repro structure = monoeciousRepro structure = monoecious –Male (microsporophyll; non-motile gametes, air/water dispersal) & female (macrosporophyll; ovule on seed cone) on same plant but different flowers

5.5.3 Distinguish between the following phyla of plants, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Angiospermophyta: Flowers, fruits, & grassesFlowers, fruits, & grasses STEMS, ROOTS, LEAVESSTEMS, ROOTS, LEAVES Vascular bundles (xylem, phloem)Vascular bundles (xylem, phloem) Waxy cuticleWaxy cuticle Annual or perennial, up to 100 mAnnual or perennial, up to 100 m Repro structure = ovules in enclosed carpal; pollen grains produced by anthersRepro structure = ovules in enclosed carpal; pollen grains produced by anthers Seeds in fruit (ovary)!Seeds in fruit (ovary)! –(NO cones)  animal pollination often

earthworms

5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Porifera: Sea spongesSea sponges Simple, sessileSimple, sessile # layers in body plan:# layers in body plan: –none (aggregate of diff cell types); body built around water canals that circulate nutrients to specialized cells –No muscle/nerves, no organs Opening for mouth/anus:Opening for mouth/anus: –Neither (filter feed) Method of support:Method of support: –silica or Ca spicules linked together 30+ Animal Phyla These are “invertebrates” (lack spinal cord)—all are heterotrophic, no cell walls, no vacuoles, no chlorophyll, store glycogen

5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Cnidaria: Jellyfish, hydra (mobile); sea anemones & corals (sessile)Jellyfish, hydra (mobile); sea anemones & corals (sessile) # layers in body plan:# layers in body plan: –2 (diploblastic; radial symmetry) Opening for mouth/anus:Opening for mouth/anus: –1 opening – gastric pouch- resp gases and nutrients Nematocysts = stinging cells, toxinsNematocysts = stinging cells, toxins Method of support:Method of support: –CaCO 3 skeleton

5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms...Flatty Platty!Flatworms...Flatty Platty! –parasitic or free-living # layers in body plan:# layers in body plan: –3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm) Opening for mouth/anus:Opening for mouth/anus: –1 opening – to gut; many folds (S. Area) –No heart/lungs Method of support:Method of support: –muscle layers

5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Annelida: Segmented worms (earthworms, leeches, polychaetes)Segmented worms (earthworms, leeches, polychaetes) –parasitic or free-living; marine/terrestrial # layers in body plan:# layers in body plan: –3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm); segments w/some specialization –Gas exchange through skin Opening for mouth/anus:Opening for mouth/anus: –Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus Method of support:Method of support: –muscle layers

5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Mollusca: Snails, slugs, bivalves, octopusSnails, slugs, bivalves, octopus # layers in body plan:# layers in body plan: –3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm) Opening for mouth/anus:Opening for mouth/anus: –Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus Foot (muscular for movemt); Central visceral mass (organs); Mantle (folded membranes, contain gills)Foot (muscular for movemt); Central visceral mass (organs); Mantle (folded membranes, contain gills) Method of support:Method of support: –muscle layers; mantle may secrete calcareous shell

5.5.4 Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using simple external recognition features: Phylum Arthropoda: Insects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, millipedesInsects, crustaceans, spiders, scorpions, millipedes Very diverse & adapted group!Very diverse & adapted group! # layers in body plan:# layers in body plan: –3 (triploblastic; bilateral symm) Opening for mouth/anus:Opening for mouth/anus: –Gastric tract w/2 openings – mouth  gut  anus Jointed body segments & appendages; some flyJointed body segments & appendages; some fly Method of support: hard exoskeleton (chitin)Method of support: hard exoskeleton (chitin)

5.5.5 Apply and design a key for a group of up to eight organisms. DICHOTOMOUS Keys ?  2 alternative answers Focus on details as you go through Most characteristics readily observed/measured Group things... –Choose characteristics not influenced by environmental factors Shape, # of things Classify each organism with a final id’d name