Atomic Manipulation by STM Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 180/198 – 534 Peter Grutter McGill University

The power of STM

Atomic-scale STM manipulation modes Parallel processe Field assisted diffusion Serial Processes Sliding Transfer or near contact Field evaporation Electromigration J. Stroscio and D. Eigler, Science 254, 1319 (1991)

Molecular manipulation First indications from ‘misbehaving’ molecules and atoms: R.S. Becker et al, Nature 325, 419 (1987) Ge on Ge(111) J. Foster et al, Nature 331, 324 (1988) Liquid crystal on HOPG

1.1 Field-Assisted Diffusion Observation: Image: -Vs Manipulate: +Vs L.J. Whitman et al, Science 251, 1206 (1991)

2.1 Sliding Xe on Ni(110) 4.5K UHV STM D. Eigler et al, Nature 344, 524 (1990)

2.1 Sliding Xe on Ni(110) 4.5K UHV STM D. Eigler et al, Nature 344, 524 (1990)

2.1 Sliding Xe on Ni(110) 4.5K UHV STM D. Eigler et al, Nature 344, 524 (1990)

2.1 Sliding Xe on Ni(110) 4.5K UHV STM D. Eigler et al, Nature 344, 524 (1990)

What can you do with this? Build a quantum corral! Exp.-theory: Fe on Cu(111) 4.5K UHV STM M. Crommie et al, Science 262, 218 (1993)

What can you do with a corral? Study quantum chaos! (or at least try) Fe on Cu(111) 4.5K UHV STM M. Crommie et al, Science 262, 218 (1993)

Why do you want to do this? It’s a nanolab! Study structure – property relationships in nano systems. Corrugation energies along different x-tal directions (sliding) Strength and sign of interactions in ‘new’, 1D structures, e.g. linear chain of Xe atoms. Big advantage: integrated manipulation, imaging and characterization tool. Many interesting scientific problems, e.g. electrons in confined spaces (corral), information processing, …

Response of a superconductor to a magnetic 4f impurity: Gd on Nb(110) The lower image (dI/dV map acquired just above the gap voltage of Nb) shows the spatial extent of the bound state excitation in the superconductor. It falls off on a length scale much shorter than the superconductor’s coherence length. It shows that the response of a superconductor to a magnetic impurity is dominated by this short range effect.

Detection of the magnetic Kondo resonance localized around a single Co atom on Cu(111) Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, 512.515 (2000)

Assembly of elliptical resonators Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, 512.515 (2000)

Moving an atom in an elliptical resonator Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, 512.515 (2000)

Moving an atom in an elliptical resonator Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, 512.515 (2000)

Moving an atom in an elliptical resonator Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, 512.515 (2000)

Detection of Quantum Mirage Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, 512.515 (2000)

First 72 eigenmodes of the eccentricity ½ elliptical resonator Manoharan, Lutz, and Eigler, Nature 403, 512.515 (2000)

Sliding molecules at RT Cu-TP porphyrinon Cu(100) RT UHV STM Cu-TBP porphyrin T.A. Jung et al, Science 271, 181 (1996)

A molecular cascade device A prototype for a molecular cascade device. CO molecules are deposited on a Cu(111) surface at 4 K. Individual molecules are imaged as depressions (a). The red dots mark adsorption sites for CO molecules, whereas the blue dots represent the lattice positions of Cu atoms. There are two possible geometries for CO trimers: the chevron configuration (lower left corner of part a) and the threefold symmetric (lower left corner of part b). The chevron trimer is only metastable and decays into the threefold symmetric by displacing the central CO molecule to a nearest-neighbor site (from a to b). By suitably arranging the CO molecules, the decay of one of the trimers into the other one can produce a cascade of events that communicates a bit of information (presence/absence of a CO molecule at a given site) from one end of thechain to the other (c and d). A.J.Heinrich et al, Science 298, 1381 (2002)

Influence of Molecules on Metals Lander molecule, deposited at RT on Cu(110), imaged at 150K, UHV STM F. Rosei et al, Science 296, 328 (2002)

Controlling Chemical Reactions Single bond formation by STM W. Ho Group Step-by-step dissociation sequence. (a) An adsorbed iodobenzene at a lower part of a Cu(111) step edge. After breaking the C–I bond (b), the phenyl and iodine are further separated by using lateral manipulation with theSTMtip (c). The phenyl in (c) (indicated with an arrow) is then further fragmented by the I–V spectroscopy dissociation scheme (d). The resultant fragments include protrusion and depression regions contributed by the resulting hydrocarbon fragments. (Rieder Group, Berlin)

2.2 Transfer or Near Contact J. Repp, Rieder Group, Berlin G. Meyer et al., Single Mol. 1, 79 (2000) an atomic switch! Reliable for Xe, benzene, not so for Pt. No current or electrical field neccessary. D. Eigler et al, Nature 352, 600 (1991)

2.3 Field Evaporation Si(111) 7x7 RT UHV STM Au dots on Au(111), RT, air STM J. Mamin et al., PRL 65, 2481 (1990) Si(111) 7x7 RT UHV STM I.-W. Lyo and P. Avouris, Science 253, 173 (1991)

2.4 Electromigration Direct interaction of effective charge on the defect with the electric field ‘Wind force’: scattering of electrons at defect (felt strongly by atoms closest to the junction) CO on Pt(111) 4.5K UHV STM Ch. Lutz, Eigler Lab, IBM

Electrical gating of a molecule Wolkow group (U of A & NINT A dangling Si bond can be capped (a) or created (b). This leads to a localized electric charge, giving rise to an electrical field. This field decays over distances and leads to a distance dependent shift in molecular orbitals into which one tunnels (d). Lopinski et al, Nature 406, 48 (2000)

Challenges Identification of manipulation mechanism Correlation with simulation and theory Identification of different building blocks 3D strutures Interfacing to the macroscopic world

… connecting the micro to the nano. The problem of scale… … connecting the micro to the nano. x23 x60 Grutter group, McGill