BMS 231: 2015/2016 Skeletal system Lecturer Dr Aqeela Bano

Table of Contents 1. Objectives for this lesson 2. Functions of the Skeletal System,Types of Bones and Their Classification. 3. Axial Skeleton and the Bones of the Skull, Vertebral Column, Thoracic Cage, Sacrum and Coccyx. 4. Appendicular Skeleton, the Bones of the Upper Limb and Bones of the Lower Limb. 5. Types of Joints ( Immovable, Slightly Movable and Freely Movable ). 6. Diseases of the Skeletal System in Brief.

Objectives When you finish this lesson, you should be able to Describe the Functions of the Skeletal System, Types of Bones and Their Classification. Define the Axial Skeleton and Identify the Bones of the Skull, Thoracic Cage, Vertebral Column,Sacrum and Coccyx. Define the Appendicular Skeleton and Identify the Bones of the Upper and Lower Limb. Define and Identify the Types of Joints with Examples. Understand the Diseases of the Skeletal System.

Support- framework that supports body and cradles its soft organs Protection- for delicate organs, heart, lungs, brain Movement- bones act as levers for muscles Mineral storage- calcium & phosphate Blood cell formation

Long Bones- metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula Short Bones- carpals, tarsals Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones Sesamoid- patella

ANATOMY OF LONG BONES

AXIAL SKELETON DEFINITION  Axial skeleton is the central skeleton of the body it includes 1. SKULL 2. THORACIC CAGE 3. VERTEBRAL COLUMN 4. SACRUM AND COCCYX

BONES OF SKULL Bones of skull are basically flat bones they includes 1.Frontal bone 2.Parietal 3.Temporal bone 4.Occipital bone 5.Zygomatic 6.Nasal 7.Maxilla 8.Mandible

Posterior View

THORACIC CAGE

RIBS

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRUE AND FALSE RIBS 1 ST to 7 th ribs are true ribs as they are directly attached to sternum by costal cartilage. 8 th,9 th and10th ribs are false ribs as do not have their own separate costal cartilage instead they join to sternum by costal cartilage of upper ribs. 11 th and 12 th ribs are floating ribs as they do not attached to sternum at all.

Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2) The Thoracic Cage

STERNUM The sternum, commonly known as the breast bone or chest bone, is a long, narrow flat bone that serves as the keystone of the rib cage and stabilizes the thoracic skeleton. It has Three parts 1.Manubrium 2.Body 3.Xiphoid process

CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF STERNUM Lower half of sternum is the place for doing CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSITATION

VERTEBRAL COLUMN Bones of vertebral column are irregular type of bones, they include 1.CERVICAL 2.THORACIC 3.LUMBER 4.SACRUM AND COCCYX

Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx The Vertebral Column

Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

SACRUM The sacrum is a large, triangular bone, situated in the lower part of the vertebral column. The upper part of the sacrum connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and its lower part connects with the coccyx. lumbar vertebra coccyx In human beings the sacrum consists of five fused vertebrae.fused vertebrae

SACRUM

COCCYX Coccyx is the last part of axial skeleton. It is present at the lower border of sacrum. It has a shape like spine.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON Bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle and lower limb forms the appendicular skeleton. Bones of pectoral girdle 1.Clavicle 2.scapula

APPENDICULAR SKELETON Upper limb bones are 1.Humerus 2.Radius 3.Ulna 4. Carpals (8) 5. Metacarpals (5) 6. Phalanges (14)

Bones of the upper limb

Radius and ulna radius ulna

Bones of the upper limb Bones of hand

Bones of pelvic girdle 1.Sacrum 2.Coccyx 3.pelvic bones (ischium, ilium, pubis) APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Bones of the lower limb 1.Femur 2.Patella 3.Tibia 4.Fibula 5.Tarsals (7) 6. Metatarsals (5) 7. Phalanges (14) APPENDICULAR SKELETON

Bones of the lower limb Femur

Bones of the lower limb Patella

Bones of the lower limb Tibia and fibula

Tarsals Phalanges Metatarsals Bones of the foot Bones of the lower limb

Joints Definition A point of articulation between two or more bones that allows movement. Types of joints 1.Immovable joints (sutures in skull bones, pubic symphysis) 2.Slightly movable joints (Intervertebral joints) 3.Freely movable joints (shoulder joint, hip joint, elbow joint etc)

suture Pubic symphysis Immovable joints Joints

Slightly Movable Joint Joints

Knee joint Joints Freely Moveable joints