2) Vision The Special Senses 13 th edition Chapter 17 Pages th edition Chapter 17 Pages

Anatomy of the eye

Intraocular Fluid

Glaucoma

Retina  Pigmented layer  Photoreceptors  Bipolar cells  Ganglion cells  Horizontal cell  Amacrine cell

Photoreceptors  Cones  Rods

Photoreceptors  Cones  Rods

Light Detection

Photoreceptors  Cones  Rods  Cones  Rods Photopsin : blue, green and red sensitive pigments

Optics of Vision Light refraction

Optics of Vision

Accommodation

Vision problems

Visual acuity  Normally, people has the ability to distinguish contours that are approximately 1.75 mm apart at 6 meters distance from the eye

Vision problems Astigmatism : irregular curvature of either the cornea or the lens, which lead to blurred or distorted vision due to parts of the image are out of focus.

Light Adaptation  Pupillary size

Pupillary Light Reflex

Olivary pretectal nucleus Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Light Adaptation  Pupillary size  Neural adaptation  Photoreceptor adaptation

Light Adaptation  Pupillary size  Neural adaptation  Photoreceptor adaptation

VISUAL PATHWAY