Push and Pull Factors in “El Norte” and “Lupita Manana” Lidia Perez Wri 117

Introduction Immigration refers to the act of certain individual leaving their native country because of “push and pull” factors. There is a “push-pull theory” which explains how immigrants are pushed out of their native land and are attract to another country. Immigrants leave their hometown due to the lack of resources, jobs, few education opportunities and political fears and persecution.

Thesis The push-pull theory of migration helps explains the movie “El Norte” by Gregory Nava and the novel “Lupita Manana” by Patricia Beatty because it gives a better understanding of the difficulties that immigrants have to face in order to go into another country. It will also helps people reflect on the meaning of the “American Dream” and the costs one incurs in seeking it.

El Norte Push Factors Pull Factors What is El Norte about? Political fears and persecution Poverty Better living conditions More educational opportunities Have their own car Safety

Lupita Manana Push factors Pull Factor What is it about? Poverty Less job opportunities Better job opportunities Higher salaries Better living conditions

Similarities Theme of immigration Undocumented immigrants Cross the border American Dream Low income family They have many dangerous adventures on their way north. Gives a better understanding of the immigrants experiences

Differences El Norte Lupita Manana Lupita and Salvador are from Mexico Enrique and Rosa are from Guatemala Indegeans peasants They leave their hometown due to the political and fears persucution Rosa dies at the end of the story due to an illness call thypus which she contracted from the rat bites when crossing the border. Lupita and Salvador are from Mexico They leave Mexico due to poverty Earn money to support Want to help their mother and siblings

Conclusion Gives us a better understanding of the immigrant experiences crossing the border illegally. These two stories remind us that immigration is more than a concept it is about human being uprooting themselves from their homes and their families to try to make a new and better life. It helps us prove how immigrants sometimes can make “American Dream” and sometimes not. For example Lupita Manana shows how Lupita could escape from immigration authorities and resolves to learn English and to work hard to support her family.

Children Literature: Elena Fortun and Celia Daisy Ramirez Writing 117

Thesis Elena Fortun’s most important contribution to Children Literature were her stories about Celia, who questions society and education, which is important because children during that time did not rebel, question, or go against what they were told.

Elena Fortun Actual name is Encarnacion Aragoneses Urquijo Spaniard writer born on November 17, 1886 Education Philosophy Letters Life Married Eusebio de Gorbea Lemmi Two children Died May 8, 1952 at the age of 66

How Celia began Summers in Abades A small town in Segovia Magazine Black and White in 1928

Celia Blonde 7 year old Belonged to the Spaniard bourgeoisie Cuchifritin Little Brother Said what she thought Questioned society, adults, and education She was advanced for her time

Impact People actually thought she was real Asked Fortun: How she was doing If he had a boyfriend If she ever though of getting married Celia was Fortun’s most important and loved character because she called children’s attention to transmit her thoughts about society

Celia today Jose Luis Borau 1992 Produced a series of television shows about Celia Is only known in Spain since Fortun did not publish outside of the country Is not read as much since times have changed

Conclusion Fortun used Celia for her own benefit since she was able to get across to children and see herself reflected in the little girl because she was the same way when she was a child. She opened their eyes to reality and that it was fine to question society, adults, and education.

Comparing and Contrasting

Similarities As literature majors we are using fiction to represent reality. We analyze the books of Lupita Manana, Celia, and the movie “El Norte” We both have children as characters of the story We came to the conclusion that literature is important in our lives because we learn about new things, and new cultures

Differences Lidia Daisy Push and Pull Theory Analyze El Norte and Lupita Manana Mexico and Guatemala Topic: Immigration Immigration affects males, females, and children Analyze Celia Spain Topic: Children Literature Celia affected children’s thinking about society, education, and adults