Prof. Kyriakos Papaioannou ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY GREECE 7th Intern. Sprinkler Conference-Copenhagen 24-25/6/2008 1

 Sprinklers installations have been in use for over 120 years. Value in reducing property losses  Insurance companies give high discounts on premiums (till 60%).  Sprinklers can contribute to life safety in two ways, by controlling a fire and by providing greater time for escape purposes.  Fire Regulations where active fire protection measures are provided allow relaxations one or more of the passive protection measures (trade offs)  Fire resistance of building elements  Size of compartments  Minimum escape times or travel distances 7th Intern.Sprinkler Conference-Copenhagen 24-25/6/20082

FIRE CONTAINMENT Fire resistance is the ability of a structural element to withstand the effects of fire for a specified period without the loss of its fire separating or loadbearing functions or both.  Stability  Integrity  Insulation  EN Eurocode 1 – Actions on Structures, Parts 1-2: General Actions – Actions on structures exposed to fire  National Regulations permit specific reductions in fire resistance with sprinklers installation 7th Intern. Sprinkler Conference- Copenhagen 24-25/6/2008 3

Table E.2 — Factors δ n i δ n i Function of Active Fire Fighting Measures 7th Intern. Sprinkler Conference- Copenhagen 24-25/6/ Automatic Fire Suppression Automatic Water Extinguishing System Independent Water Supplies δ n1 0 I 1 I 2 δ n2 0,61 1,0 I 0,87 I 0,7

 Austria- external non-load-bearing facades Reduction from 90 minutes to 30 minutes In industrial buildings reduction.  Germany- corridors in shopping centres Reduction from 90 minutes to 30 minutes  Luxemburg- 90 minutes structural fire resistance in single storey shopping centres unless sprinklers are fitted. the fire resistance between individual shop units 60 minutes unless sprinklers are fitted /6/ th Intern. Sprinkler Conference- Copenhagen

 Spain- When combined with a smoke extraction system, allows a reduction of minutes in the structural fire resistance of single storey industrial buildings, depending on their configuration.  Switzerland allows a reduction of 30 minutes in structural fire resistance if sprinklers are fitted.  UK Approved Document B allows a reduction from 90 minutes to 60 minutes in offices and shops higher than 10 storeys if sprinklers are fitted. It also allows a reduction of 30 minutes in the fire resistance for storage buildings if sprinklers are fitted /6/ th Intern. Sprinkler Conference- Copenhagen

The provision of a fire resisting enclosure or a barrier to keep a fire to a specified size so as to inhibit its spread within a building or to an adjacent building. Size of compartments  Austria allows larger fire compartments in industrial buildings if sprinklers are fitted. The details depend on the number of storeys and the fire resistance in place.  Belgium requires sprinklers in shops with fire compartments larger than 2,000m /6/ th Intern. Sprinkler Conference- Copenhagen

 Czech Republic  Czech Republic requires sprinklers in shops with a fire compartment area larger than 1,000m 2 and in exhibition halls with a fire compartment larger than 5,000m 2.  France  France allows warehouse compartments to be 6,000m 2 instead of 3,000m 2 if sprinklers are fitted.  Germany  Germany allows shopping centre fire compartments to be increased from 3,000m 2 to 10,000m 2 if sprinklers are fitted, or to 5,000m 2 for multi-storey buildings. Germany allows the same increases as Austria in the fire compartments of industrial buildings if sprinklers are fitted. It also allows the underground fire compartment areas to be increased from 1,000m 2 to 3,500m 2 for the first underground floor and from 500m 2 to 1,750m 2 for lower floors. Germany requires sprinklers in places of assembly with fire compartments larger than 3,600m /6/ th Intern. Sprinkler Conference- Copenhagen

 Iceland requires sprinklers for theatre stages larger than 100m 2 ; in single storey shops with fire compartments larger than 2,000m 2 or larger than 1,000m 2 for multi- storey shops; in industrial and storage buildings with fire compartments larger than 2,000m 2 ; and in underground car parks larger than 100m 2.  Ireland allows all fire compartment area limits to be doubled if sprinklers are fitted. For example the maximum compartment area for a single storey shop doubles from 4,000m 2 to 8,000m 2.  Luxemburg allows the maximum fire compartment area in a building higher than 8m and below 22m to be doubled from 1,600m 2 to 3,200m 2. It also doubles the compartment limit from 800m 2 to 1,600m 2 in single storey offices and from 400m 2 to 800m 2 in multi-storey offices. It requires sprinklers in shopping centres larger than 3,000m 2.  The Netherlands requires an equivalent solution to dividing a building into fire compartments of 1,000m 2. The usual solution is to fit sprinklers /6/ th Intern. Sprinkler Conference- Copenhagen

 Norway requires sprinklers in hotels and apartment buildings with multi-storey open connections if the total area is greater than 800m 2. Norway also requires sprinklers in single-storey shops, warehouses and industrial buildings larger than 1,800m 2 or larger than a total of 800m 2 divided between several floors.  The Slovak Republic requires sprinklers in single-storey shops larger than 2,000m 2 or multi- storey shops with a fire compartment larger than 1,000m 2. It also requires sprinklers in exhibition halls with a fire compartment larger than 5,000m /6/ th Intern. Sprinkler Conference- Copenhagen

 In Switzerland sprinklers are often required if a fire compartment exceeds 2,400m 2, although the limit is 1,200m 2 for shops. Sprinklers are also required in car parks if the fire compartment is larger than 4,000m 2 or if a multi-storey underground compartment is larger than 2,000m 2.  In the UK sprinklers must be installed in single-storey shops larger than 2,000m 2. Sprinklers also raise the maximum compartment area in multi-storey places of assembly from 2,000m 2 to 4,000m /6/ th Intern. Sprinkler Conference- Copenhagen

 Germany allows travel distances in shopping centres to be increased from 25m to 60m in sales areas and from 35m to 70m in walkways.  Luxemburg allows travel distances in underground car parks to increase from 30m to 40m with sprinklers.  In Spain escape routes in shopping centres may be 25% longer if sprinklers are fitted.  In the UK travel distances may be increased if sprinklers are fitted. A new standard will allow increases of up to 50% /6/ th Intern. Sprinkler Conference- Copenhagen

 Fire Regulations (P.D 71/1988) High risk buildings or areas of buildings must be fitted by sprinklers systems.(Article 1 Note 1.2.3) 1. Residential buildings T 1. Residential buildings Travel distances could be increased if a sprinklers system is fitted (& ) 2. Education buildings 2. Education buildings Compartment size increase factor 3,0 (with sprinklers) (&7-3.2) 3. Offices 3. Offices Fire resistance of loadbearing elements decrease factor 0,5 (with sprinklers) (&8-3.1) Compartment area increase factor 1,5 (&8-3.2) Buildings higher than 20m and more than 400 persons population must have a sprinklers system (&8-4.4) 24-25/6/2008 7th Intern. Sprinkler Conference-Copenhagen 13

4. Shops 4. Shops Load bearing elements FR factor 0,5-0,6 (&9-3.1) Size of compartment increase factor 1,5-4,0 (&9-3.2) Installation of sprinklers in:  Buildings with floor area larger than m 2  Total area larger than m 2  Basements larger than 250 m 2  High risk areas 5. Assembly Buildings Travel distance from 45 to 60m (& ) Fire resistance factor 0,5(&10-3.1) Volume of compartment from 7.000m 3 to m 3 (&10-3.2) (&10-3.2) 24-25/6/2008 7th Intern. Sprinkler Conference-Copenhagen 14

6. Industrial Buildings and Warehouses  Fire resistance factor * 0.5, 0.6, 0.7(&11-3.1)  Compartment size * 2.0, 2.5, 4.0(&11-3.2)  In many cases automatic extinguishing systems are obligatory (4.3) 7. Hospitals  In various high risk areas (warehouses, storage of flammable liquids electrical and mechanical rooms, laundries, crematories etc.)  In buildings of people with disabilities (handicapped, children, elderly etc.) Sprinklers Systems are obligatory (& ) 8.Prisons (article 12B) Fire resistance factor * 0.33 Compartment size factor * /6/ th Intern. Sprinkler Conference- Copenhagen

9. Parking areas and Fuel Pump Stations (Art.13) Fire resistance factor * 0.33 Compartment size * 1,50 10.Existing Hotels (Article 19) In the risk assessment methodology for the fire protection of existing hotels, the installation of sprinklers system in the total area of the Hotel gives the maximum grade of /6/2008 7th Intern. Sprinkler Conference-Copenhagen 16

Building Code Seguridad en caso de incendio S1-(March 2006) Sprinklers are required in: Sprinklers are required in:  All buildings more than 80 m height  Hotels more than 28 m height or more than m 2 floor area.  In commercial establishments more than m 2 floor area and more than 500 MJ/m 2 of fire load. sprinklers (required by regulation or not) increase 25% all limits to travel distances. sprinklers not required by regulation can: sprinklers not required by regulation can:  increase 100% the limits of surface to fire compartments, typically m 2 rise up to m 2  reduce 39% of the required time of structural fire resistance, but only when it is determined according to the “equivalent time” option. This option is the same of annex F of Eurocode nº 1 (EN ). This reduction does not apply if you choose the tabulated required time /6/2008 7th Intern. Sprinkler Conference-Copenhagen 17

Sprinklers are required in: 1)Apartment buildings or hotels higher than 30m. 2) Retail premises with a fire compartment larger than 1,000m2. 3) Exhibition halls with a fire compartment larger than 5,000m2. 4) Underground automatic car parks if quick and adequate intervention by the fire service is impossible. 5) Second and lower underground floors of multi-storey underground car parks with a capacity of more than 50 vehicles. 6) Car parks with a capacity of more than 200 cars that are beneath public assembly buildings such as cinemas and conference centers. 7) Stage areas of theatres in some circumstances. 8) Storage of flammable liquids under some circumstances /6/2008 7th Intern. Sprinkler Conference-Copenhagen 18