5aSC5. The Correlation between Perceiving and Producing English Obstruents across Korean Learners Kenneth de Jong & Yen-chen Hao Department of Linguistics Indiana University Main Points Our previous work Patterns of learning differ in perception and production skills. Perceptual learning: the acquisition of featural differentiation skills, while Production learning: the acquisition and coordination of gestures. This study The relationship between production and perception skills. Depends on whether the featural contrasts are ‘new’ to the L1 or ‘similar’. Similar contrasts exhibit no discernable correlation between production and perception learning. New contrasts exhibit a strong correlation between perceptual and production accuracy, indicating an important role for perceptual feedback in production learning and/or a production component in perceptual learning. Introduction Previous work Segmental grouping in learning If learners acquire properties that generalize across segments, then segments with the acquired property should be acquired as a group.  accuracy in one contrast should correlate with accuracy in another contrast that shares the same property Perception de Jong, Silbert & Park (2009) use this technique with Korean perceivers of English (EFL), finding: -Feature generalization: Stops contrast with fricatives as a unit, regardless of segment or position. Manner constitutes one perceptual skill -Prosodic specificity: voicing contrasts constitute three perceptual skills, depending on position in word: initial, medial, final Production de Jong, Hao & Park (in press) use this technique with Korean producers of English (EFL), finding: - Gestural generalization: manner accuracy generalizes across voicing, but not across place, since different places require different gestures - Prosodic specificity: coda neutralization makes final consonant production a different skill from other positions. ‘New’ vs. ‘Similar’ (c.f. Flege, 1995) Park & de Jong (2008) examined the mapping of English onto Korean consonants: -Manner (stops vs. fricatives) is a ‘new’ contrast -Voicing is ‘similar’ to contrasts existing in Korean Current Research Question How do the perceptual skills relate to the gestural acquisition skills? Does the similarity between L1 and L2 contrasts affect the relationship? Discussion Similar -Park & de Jong (2008): assimilated segments in an L2 are treated as though they were the segments in the L1 (as per Flege, 1987). L1 skills must get tuned to L2. -Voicing contrasts display three patterns: - intervocalic: perceived and produced accurately - onset: perceived better than produced - coda: less well perceived and produced -Possibly, reflection of degree of mismatch between L1 and L2 -Overall the L2 perceptual tuning appears to precede production tuning. Production is inherently more conservative of L1 effects. -Production and Perception skills are largely independent in ‘similar’ voicing contrasts New -Park & de Jong (2008): fricative perception is systematically better than predicted on the basis of L1 mapping. L2 skills are learned de novo. -Manner contrasts show two effects: - Labial manner production and perception are highly correlated. - Coronal manner production and perception are not correlated. -Correlations indicate that production and perception development are closely related - Either production requires perceptual input, or production acquisition aids perceptual learning -Difference between labial and coronal may be due to ‘degree of newness’ - Korean has coronal sibilants, so coronal non- sibilants reside somewhere between L1 segments - Coronal fricatives are not perceptually similar to anything in L1 (Park & de Jong, 2008) - Perception and production skills develop in an integrated fashion in ‘new’ manner contrasts Summary Segmental accuracy doesn’t tell the whole story. The relationship between perception and production varies depending on the similarity of the L2 contrasts to the L1. Perceptual accuracy does not correlate with production accuracy for “similar” contrasts. Perception tends to lead production. Perceptual accuracy correlates with production accuracy for “new” contrasts. Production and perceptual learning are intimately connected. References Cited de Jong, K.J., Y.C. Hao & H. Park. (in press). Evidence for featural units in the acquisition of speech production skills: Linguistic structure in foreign accent. Journal of Phonetics, 37 (available online). de Jong, K.J., N. Silbert & H. Park. (2009). Segmental generalization in second language segment identification. Language Learning, 59: Flege, J. E. (1987). The production of "new" and "similar" phones in a foreign language: Evidence for the effect of equivalence classification. Journal of Phonetics, 15: Flege, J. E. (1995). Second language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 233–277). Timonium, MD: York Press. Park, H., & K.J. de Jong (2008). Perceptual category mapping between English and Korean prevocalic obstruents: Evidence from mapping effects in second language identification skills. Journal of Phonetics, 36: Methods Participants 20 Native Korean talkers/listeners Undergraduate students at Kyonggi University in Korea Very little exposure to native spoken English Corpus Coronal Labial Voiced Voiceless Stops /d/ /t/ /b/ /p/ Fricatives /ð/ /  / /v/ /f/ The Stops are similar to Korean stops, though the voicing contrast is somewhat different (Park & de Jong, 2008) The Fricatives are new, Korean has no anterior non-sibilant fricatives (Park & de Jong, 2008) All consonants paired with vowel / ɑ / Consonant in 4 prosodic environments: onset, intervocalic pre-stress, intervocalic post-stress, coda Korean does not have stress, and voicing and manner contrasts are neutralized at a final edge Tasks Perceptual Identification Stimuli Produced by 4 Speakers of Northern Midwest English 1- or 2- syllable forms cued orthographically Procedure Stimuli presented free-field in groups Quasi open-set paper responses with 14 options Reading Stimuli 1- or 2- syllable forms cued orthographically Procedure Recorded digitally, and then spliced and randomized Identified by 10 native English listeners Analysis Results - Segments Average Segmental Accuracy Results - ‘Similar’ Contrasts Perception of Voicing × Prosodic Position Intervocalic -Both perception and production uniformly excellent for stops -Intervocalic voicing contrasts in Korean very similar to English Onset -Perceptual accuracy generally good -Production shows larger individual variation -Perception leads production Coda -Both perception and production vary -Variation not correlated -Some tendency for perception to lead production No significant correlation between any previously isolated perceptual skill and production skill with respect to voicing InitialInitial Pre-stressPre-stress Post-stressPost-stress FinalFinal InitialInitial **0.313** 0.300**0.300** 0.231**0.231** Pre-stressPre-stress **0.368** 0.321**0.321** Post-stress Post-stress **0.192** FinalFinal Work supported by the NSF under Grant BCS We also thank Hanyong Park, Noah Silbert and Kyoko Nagao for work in data analysis, and Mi-hee Cho for arranging and running participants for us. Perceptual skillProduction skill Manner overall Manner in labials Non-coda Coda Manner in coronals Non-coda Coda Voicing in onset Stops Fricatives Voicing in intervocalic Stops Fricatives Voicing in coda Stops Fricatives Acknowledgements The 158 th Meeting of The Acoustical Society of America in San Antonio, Texas, October 30, 2009 Hypotheses Separate Skills Unitary Skill Perception Leads Production ‘Similar’ vs. ‘New’ segments - A moderate positive correlation between perceptual and production accuracy - Substantial ranges in both accuracies -No apparent precedence of perception or production -Significant correlation between perception and production for the “new” segments (fricatives) - Non-significant correlation for the “similar” segments (stops) Results - ‘New’ Contrasts Perception and Production of Manner Labials -Both perception and production vary -Variation strongly correlated Coronals -Both perception and production vary -Variation not correlated -Some tendency for production to lead perception Perceptual accuracy and production accuracy do tend to correlate with one another Production Leads Perception