Lesson 41 Vietnam: The GI’s War

Vietnam: Airpower & Technology Close Air Support

Lesson Objectives Begin to understand the conditions under which the American soldier, Marine, sailor, airman and Coast Guardsman lived and fought in Southeast Asia. Describe how characteristics and attitudes of the US fighting force changed during Vietnam War. Describe and analyze some of the popular beliefs that have evolved about the Vietnam War.

Major Issues Lesson 13 - The GI’s War How were Army soldiers assigned to units early in the war? What is a “GI”? What is an “NCO”? How were leaders (particularly NCO’s) trained? What type of equipment did the ground forces have in Vietnam? Where there any problems with some equipment items? How were they assigned to units later in the war? What impact did this have on individual and unit performance? What impact might this policy have had on unit performance? What equipment worked particularly well?

The GI "Their forebears went by other names: doughboys, Yanks, buffalo soldiers,Johnny Reb, Rough Riders. But "G.I." will be forever lodged in the consciousness of our nation to apply to them all." General Colin Powell G overnment I ssue GI: Any U.S. military person

NCO NCO: Non-Commissioned Officer Also called a Petty Officer in the U.S. Navy

Title

Infantry Equipment

Rifles M-14 Rifle (.30 cal) M-16 Rifle (.223 cal mm)

Other Infantry Weapons

M-79 Grenade Launcher

Claymore Mine

Body Armor Flak Vest

Jungle Boots

The Helicopter War Vietnam

Lesson Objectives Describe the tactical and geographic considerations that supported the introduction of airmobile operations in Vietnam. Understand the technical and logistic advantages and limitations of the helicopter in war. Describe and analyze the role of helicopters in the American execution of the Vietnam War.

Major Issues The Helicopter War Why was the helicopter particularly valuable in Southeast Asia? What is the “air mobility concept” of the US Army? What were some of the operational and logistic concerns of the use of helicopters in Southeast Asia? Generally describe the use of helicopters in the Battle of Ia Drang Valley (November 1965) Why was it originally developed? In what ways were helicopters used?

The Helicopter War "What would we do [in Vietnam] without helicopters? We would be fighting a different war, for a smaller area, at a greater cost, with less effectiveness. We might as well-have asked: 'What would General Patton have done without his tanks?'" General William Westmoreland Quoted by Lieutenant General John J. Tolson, USA Airmobility , Chapter 13

The Helicopter War... the growth of the airmobile concept did not take place in the framework of guerrilla warfare. It was conceived out of the necessity to disperse on the modern battlefield under the threat of nuclear weapons and still retain the ability to mass quickly for decisive actions, then disperse again. The actualities of Vietnam have since obscured these origins and have led many people to the assumption that airmobility was designed for and limited to counter-guerrilla contingencies. The very nature of the terrain in Vietnam with its jungles and mountains has led many to connect helicopter operations to this type of terrain. Indeed, the opposite is true. Airmobility worked in Vietnam in spite of the tremendous problems of working in the jungles and the mountains of an undeveloped country. The helicopter overcame the obstacles of limited landing zones, primitive road nets, restricted observation, and high density altitudes as no other vehicle could. But, in the open countryside of Europe or a desert in the Middle East, the airmobile force has far greater flexibility and many more options than even the armored forces of Rommel in North Africa. Vietnam represented only a fraction of the possibilities for airmobile tactics. "Conclusions" Airmobility , Chapter 13 Lieutenant General John J. Tolson, USA Vietnam Studies series, CMH Pub 90-4 Washington: Department of the Army, 1989

The Helicopter War The average infantryman in the South Pacific during World War II saw about 40 days of combat in four years. The average infantryman in Vietnam saw about 240 days of combat in one year thanks to the mobility of the helicopter.

The Helicopter War The problem in Vietnam is terrain — jungles, mountains, rivers. Maneuver's a nightmare. That's why we came up with a plan to use helicopters. Leap in and out of battle. Dialogue from the movie “We Were Soldiers” (2002) Source

Helicopters in Vietnam Early H-34 Choctaw H-21 Shawnee

Helicopters in Vietnam Medium Helicopters CH-46 Sea KnightCH-3

Helicopters in Vietnam Heavy Helicopters CH-47 Chinook CH-53 Sea Stallion

Helicopters in Vietnam Uses Troop Transport

Helicopters in Vietnam Uses Medical Evacuation (MedEvac)

Helicopters in Vietnam Uses Long Range Patrol (LRP) Extraction

Helicopters in Vietnam Uses Aircraft Recovery

Helicopters in Vietnam Uses Rescue

Helicopters in Vietnam Uses Cargo Hauler

Helicopters in Vietnam Uses Mine Sweeping

Helicopters in Vietnam Uses Bomber

The Helicopter War "What would we do [in Vietnam] without helicopters? We would be fighting a different war, for a smaller area, at a greater cost, with less effectiveness. We might as well-have asked: 'What would General Patton have done without his tanks?'" General William Westmoreland Quoted by Lieutenant General John J. Tolson, USA Airmobility , Chapter 13

The Helicopter War Why did the U.S. Army adopt the Airmobile* doctrine? * using helicopters to move forces around the battlefield Concept not specifically developed for Vietnam Conceived to move forces around an atomic battlefield Ideally suited for Southeast Asia

The Helicopter War The problem in Vietnam is terrain — jungles, mountains, rivers. Maneuver's a nightmare. That's why we came up with a plan to use helicopters. Leap in and out of battle. Dialogue from the movie “We Were Soldiers” (2002) Source

Helicopters in Vietnam Where do you land them?

Super Bombs REQUIREMENT: Large explosive to quickly clear Landing Zones (LZs) SOLUTION: Post-WWII large conventional bombs from storage B-36 Peacemaker M121 15K lb. Bomb M121 Warhead

CH-54 Helicopter with 15K Bomb

BLU-82 Bombs Super Bombs What do you do when you run out of M121’s? Innovate!

BLU-82 Bombs

Instant Landing Zone! BLU-82 Bomb Employment

BLU-82 Bomb UGA Students?

Popular Culture “Daisy Cutter Bomb” Reality BLU-82 Bomb w/ Daisy Cutter Fuse

The Helicopter War Battlefield Mobility

Battle of Ia Drang Valley ( 27:36, cached – slow to open ) CBS News Special Report – November 1965

Lesson 42 Great Society to Great Quagmire Next:

Lesson Objectives Understand President Johnson's social agenda in Identify the major players in LBJ's cabinet and advisory team. Describe and analyze the conflicts between LBJ's domestic social agenda and foreign policy realities.

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