Computer Anatomy Chin-Sung Lin Eleanor Roosevelt High School

The Visible Part: Computer Hardware

What is a Computer? Main Memory Microprocessor Storage OutputInput

What is a Computer?

System Unit

Motherboard

Terminology Bit (b), Byte (B), Word, LSB & MSB

Terminology Prefix: kB, MB, GB & TB Example: Number of bytes (B) Example: Number of bytes (B) 1 kB = 1,000 B = 10 3 B 1 kB = 1,000 B = 10 3 B 1 MB = 1,000,000 B = 10 6 B 1 MB = 1,000,000 B = 10 6 B 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 B = 10 9 B 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 B = 10 9 B 1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 B = B 1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 B = B

Terminology Serial vs. Parallel Communication

Terminology Frequency (Hz, kHz, MHz & GHz) Number of clocks per second (Hertz, Hz) Number of clocks per second (Hertz, Hz) 1 kHz = 1,000 Hz = 10 3 Hz 1 kHz = 1,000 Hz = 10 3 Hz 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz = 10 6 Hz 1 MHz = 1,000,000 Hz = 10 6 Hz 1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz = 10 9 Hz 1 GHz = 1,000,000,000 Hz = 10 9 Hz

Terminology Bandwidth (BW) Amount of data being transmitted per second (e.g., MB/s, Gb/s) Amount of data being transmitted per second (e.g., MB/s, Gb/s) USB 3.0 reaches 5 Gb/s (gigabits per second) USB 3.0 reaches 5 Gb/s (gigabits per second) PCI Express 4.0 can reach Gb/s PCI Express 4.0 can reach Gb/s IEEE ad reaches 6.75 Gb/s IEEE ad reaches 6.75 Gb/s

Back Panel Interface

PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse Connectors PS/2 Mouse PS/2 Keyboard

Serial and Parallel Ports 25-pin Parallel Port 9-pin Serial Port

USB and Ethernet Connectors Ethernet USB

Audio Connectors Line In Microphone In Audio Out

VGA Connectors

HDMI Connectors

ATX Connector

IDE (PATA) Connector

SATA Connector

Advanced Graphics Port (AGP)

PCI Slot

Motherboard Interface

Motherboard

What is a Computer?

Main Memory Microprocessor Storage OutputInput

Motherboard

Processor

Processor

Central Processing Unit (CPU) SelectABY

SelectABY

Motherboard Chipset

Cache Memory Level 2 Cache Memory

Memory Hierarchy

Memory 72-pin SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) 168-pin DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)

Hard Drive (HD/HDD)

Hard Drive Capacity

Solid State Drive (SSD)

Hybrid Hard Drive (HHD)

HD vs. SSD

Solid State Drive (SSD)

Power Supply Unit

Motherboard

Motherboard

The Invisible Part: Computer Software

Software Layer Structure

Operating System

Desktop Operating System

Mobile Operating System (US)

Mobile Operating System (Global)

Types of Operating Systems Single-user, single-tasking Single-user, single-tasking Single-user, multi-tasking Single-user, multi-tasking Multi-user, multi-tasking Multi-user, multi-tasking Real-time operating system Real-time operating system

Single-User Single-Tasking Single user can effectively do one thing at a time. Also know as Embedded operating systems. Used in personal digital assistants (PDAs) and mobile phones.

Single-User Multi-Tasking Typical desktop and laptop operating systems such as Windows and Mac OS. Single user can run several programs at the same time.

Multi-User Multi-Tasking A multi-user operating system simultaneously allows many different users (hundreds or even thousands) to take advantage of the computer's resources. Unix, MVS, VMS are examples. Unix, MVS, VMS are examples.

Real-Time OS (RTOS) The fastest OS which are used in time-critical environments/applications. Control machinery, scientific instruments, industrial systems, sophisticated medical equipment, airport traffic, space flights and high speed aircraft.

Software Layer Structure

Operating System

Functions of Operating Systems System Bootup System Bootup Application Program Loading Application Program Loading Hardware Resource Management Hardware Resource Management Memory Management Memory Management File System Management File System ManagementSecurity User Interface User Interface

PC Boot Up Process CPU initializes itself by a series of clock ticks. ROM BIOS runs the power-on self test (POST), and checks the BIOS chip, CMOS RAM, hardware (e.g., video card), secondary storage (e.g., hard drives), ports, keyboard and mouse. The BIOS looks for an OS to load from the C drive or DVD drive. The order of drives that the CMOS looks to in order to locate the OS is called the boot sequence. The BIOS copies its files into memory and the OS takes over control of the boot process. The OS performs another inventory of the system's memory and loads the device drivers for the peripheral devices, such as a printer, scanner, optical drive, mouse and keyboard. After this the user can access the system’s applications to perform tasks.

Keep an on … Future Technology

Mobile Computing

Cloud Computing

Neuromorphic Chips

Quantum Computer

Cognitive Computing

Computer Anatomy Q & A