1. Computers (Hardware and Software)

2. Computer System
A computer system consists of both hardware and information stored on hardware. Information stored on computer hardware is often called software. The hardware components of a computer system are the electronic and mechanical (physical) parts. The software components of a computer system are the data and the computer programs.

3. Perform four major functions
Inside the Computer Understanding Your Computer Computers are Data-Processing Devices
Perform four major functions
Input: Gathers data,
allows entering data
Process: Manipulates, calculates,
or organizes data
Output: Displays data and
information
Storage: Saves data and information

4. Computers Inside the Computer
Digital: The Language of Computers
Analog – continuous waveforms
Digital – data is described using only two states: on and off

5. Computers Inside the Computer
Digital: The Language of Computers
Digitize – to convert data, analog signals, and images into 1’s and 0’s used by computers

6. Computers Inside the Computer
Digital: The Language of Computers
Binary – two-digit numbering system
1 represents on
0 represents off
Each 1 or 0 is called a bit
Bit – short for binary digit

7. Computers Inside the Computer
Digital: The Language of Computers
Encoding systems
ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ANSI – American National Standards Institute
UNICODE – capable of handling most printed languages

8. Computers Inside the Computer
Digital: The Language of Computers
Byte – collection of bits that represent a character
ASCII – 7 bits/byte
ANSI – 8 bits/byte
UNICODE – 16 bits/byte

9. Computers Inside the Computer
Digital: The Language of Computers
Binary (base 2) – numbers are represented only using 1’s and 0’s
Hexadecimal (base 16) – used to represent numbers using fewer digits
A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15
Decimal (base 10) = numbers are represented using 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9

10. Input Devices Enter data and instructions Examples Keyboard Mouse
Microphone
Scanner
Digital camera

11. Output Devices Send data out of the computer in the form of: Text
Pictures
Sounds
Video
Examples
Monitors
Printers
Speakers and earphones

12. Computers Inside the Computer
The PC System Unit
Connected to the Motherboard:
Processor (CPU)
Chipset
Memory chips
Expansion boards

13. Computers Inside the Computer
The PC System Unit
The Processor: Computer on a Chip
Pentium 4
Celeron
XeonTM
ItaniumTM
Intel Core processors
Dominant processors (i7, i5, and i3)

14. Computers Inside the Computer
The PC System Unit
Central Processing Unit
Control unit
Arithmetic and logic unit

15. Computers Inside the Computer
Central Processing Unit
Control unit
Reads and interprets instructions
Directs the operation of internal processor components
Controls the flow of programs and data in and out of RAM

16. Computers Inside the Computer
Central Processing Unit
Decoder – interprets instructions that have been retrieved from RAM
Registers – high-speed working storage areas
instruction register – contains instruction to be executed
program register – contains location of next instruction to be executed

17. Computers Inside the Computer
Central Processing Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Performs computations
Performs logical operations (comparisons)
Accumulator – register where answers are stored

18. Computers Inside the Computer
RAM (Random Access Memory)
High-speed holding area for data and programs
Volatile memory – data is lost if electrical current is not maintained
Address – specific location in RAM

19. RAM (Random Access Memory)
Types
Double data rate 3 (DDR3)
Double data rate 5 (DDR5)
Memory modules
Dual inline memory modules (DIMMs)
There are different types of RAM. In most systems, the type of RAM used is double data rate 3 (DDR3) memory modules, which is available in several speeds. The higher the speed, the better the performance. DDR5 memory, which has an even faster data transfer rate, is seen in high-performance video graphics cards.
RAM appears in the system on memory modules, small circuit boards that hold RAM chips and fit into slots on the motherboard.

20. Computers Inside the Computer
Cache
Throughput – rate at which the computer works
Cache Memory – CPU memory, is random access memory (RAM) that a computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. This memory is typically integrated directly with the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect with the CPU - faster than RAM

21. Computers Inside the Computer
Other High-Speed Memories
ROM (read-only memory) –
Start-up instructions stored here
Permanent nonvolatile storage
PROM (programmable ROM) – user can store read-only programs and data

22. Computers Inside the Computer
Other High-Speed Memories
Flash Memory
Nonvolatile memory – does not lose data in a power outage
Easily upgraded
BIOS (Basic Input Output System) – stored in flash memory

23. Computers Inside the Computer
The Instruction Set and the Instruction Cycle
Machine language – what a computer actually understands
All instructions to a computer must be converted to binary

24. Computers Inside the Computer
The Instruction Set and the Instruction Cycle
Instruction Sets
CISC (complex instruction set computer) – understands many different instructions
RISC (reduced instruction set computer) – understands a smaller list of instructions

25. Computers Inside the Computer
The Instruction Set and the Instruction Cycle
Instruction Cycle
Instruction time (I-time) – instruction is retrieved from memory and decoded
Execution time (E-time) – instruction is executed and result is placed in memory
Decoding is the process of transforming information from a difficult to understand stored symbols format to one that is easier to understand -which is the reverse of encoding.

26. Computers Inside the Computer
Buses and Ports
PCI (peripheral component interconnect) local bus – allows for circuit boards to connect to the common system bus

27. Computers Inside the Computer
Buses and Ports
Expansion slots – where expansion boards are installed
Expansion boards or expansion cards – provide additional capabilities to the computer

28. Computers Inside the Computer
Buses and Ports
USB (universal serial bus) – used to connect peripheral devices to the PC
USB hub – connects to the USB port and provides additional places to plug USB devices

29. Computers Inside the Computer
Legacy and Other PC Ports
Serial port – data flows one bit at a time
Parallel port – data flows several bits at a time
IrDA port or infrared port – data sent by light waves

30. Computers Inside the Computer
PC Growth: Adding Capabilities
Expansion Boards – placed in expansion slots
Graphics adapter
Sound
Data/voice/fax modem
Network interface card (NIC)
Small Computer System Interface card (SCSI)
-(CD-ROM drives, CD recorders. Etc.)
Video capture card

31. Computers Inside the Computer
Build Your Own PC
Advantages
Cheaper (for high-end systems)
Meets your requirements
Disadvantages
No warranty on system
No help desk

32. Computers Inside the Computer
Describing the Processor and Its Performance
Core Speed: GHz, MIPS, and FLOPS
Gigahertz (GHz) – billions of clock cycles per second
Megahertz (MHz) – millions of clock cycles per second

33. Computers Inside the Computer
Core Speed: GHz, MIPS, and FLOPS
MIPS – millions of instructions per second
FLOPS – floating point operations per second; used to measure speed of supercomputers

34. Computers Inside the Computer
Bus Speed
Most processors operate at GHz
Most buses operate at MHz
Major block to efficiency in a PC

35. Computers Inside the Computer
Memory Capacity
KB (kilobytes) – approximately bytes
MB (megabyte) – approximately million bytes
GB (gigabyte) – approximately billion bytes
TB (terabyte) – approximately trillion bytes

36. Computers Inside the Computer
Memory Capacity
Kb (kilobit) – approximately bits
Mb (megabit) - approximately 1 million bits

37. Computers Inside the Computer
Processor Design
Parallel processing – multiple processors in one computer system
Massively parallel processing (MPP) – parallel processing with thousands of processors

38. Computer Software
Software: A set of instructions that tell the computer what to do
Two basic types of software
Application software
System software
Software refers to instructions that tell the computer what to do. An instruction set, also called a program, provides a means to interact with and use the computer.
Your computer has two basic types of software.
Application software is used to do tasks at home, school, and work.
System software helps run the computer and coordinate instructions between application software and the computer’s hardware devices. System software includes the operating system and utility programs.

40. Understanding System Software
What the Operating System Does?
Operating System (OS) - Coordinates and directs the flow of data and information
Operating system fundamentals
Multitasking
Networking capabilities
Categorized by type
You use application software to do everyday tasks at home and at work.
System software helps run the computer and coordinates instructions between application software and the computer’s hardware devices.
Modern operating systems allow a single user to multitask—to perform more than one process at a time. Operating systems such as Windows and OS X provide networking capabilities as well.
Operating systems can be categorized by the type of device on which they’re installed.

41. What the Operating System Does
The operating system is like an orchestra's conductor. It coordinates and directs the flow of data and information through the computer system.
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. Understanding System Software Operating Systems for Personal Computers
Top three operating systems
Windows
Max OS X
Linux
Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux are the top three operating systems for personal computers.
The newest release of Microsoft’s OS, Windows 8, provides a new interface optimized for touch-screen devices.
Now that broadband Internet access and providing computer resources via the Internet are becoming more commonplace, operating systems have features that are tied to cloud computing.

43. Multimedia software includes digital image- and video-editing software, digital audio software, and other specialty software required to produce computer games, animations, and movies.