Born of War, or Design? D ebating the Palestinian Exodus of 1948

Zionist Dilemma 1881 Population 21,000 Jews 4.2% 470,000 Arab 95.8% “The bride is beautiful but she is married to another man.”

Colonization / Settlement Solution to the Zionist Dilemma? My argument [about the origins of the Israeli /Palestinian conflict] highlights the continuous centrality of colonization in Zionism… Colonization was the prelude of the state-to-be and the character of that state in the making was to be found most crucially in the land and labor markets. Gershon Shafir Zionism and Colonialism (1996) pp

Colonization without the Frontier The Dilemma With no frontier of “free” land, how is it possible to settle and colonize the landscape? Ruling out force and violence, the only way is to buy it. Gershon Shafir Zionism and Colonialism (1996) p. 230.

Integration or Exclusion? Zionists had 2 options in buying land: 1) Integrate Palestinians by allowing them to work the land (Plantation model) 2)Exclude Palestinians (Pure settlement colony).

Zionist Land Purchases ( ) Total Land Purchased = 418,000 Dunums From Large Absentee Landlords = 25% From Large Resident Landlords = 25% From Institutions = 37.5% From Palestinian Peasant Owners = 12.5% Source: Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity, p. 112.

“Hebrew Land, Hebrew Labor” The Zionist Conquest of Labor By 1904 Zionists ponder a new way of organizing the landscape for redemption. The vision was not only to buy land, but to place Jewish labor on the land purchased. No longer would there be exploitation of Palestinians on plantations because Palestinians would be excluded from working on them.

Arthur Ruppin / Jewish National Fund “ Land is the most necessary thing for establishing roots in Palestine. Since there are hardly any more arable unsettled lands in Palestine, we are bound in each case [of land purchase] to remove the peasants who cultivate the land, both owners and tenants." (1913) From Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, p. 61

Yitzhak Epstein “Among the difficult questions linked to the rebirth of our people on its land, one outweighs all others: the question of our attitude toward the Arabs…. We buy lands, for the most part, from the owners of large estates;… But when we buy such property, we evict the former tillers from it. To be sure, we do not send them away empty- handed and in general we are not stingy with money during “the dismissal”…. But, if we do not want to deceive ourselves, we must admit that we have driven impoverished people from their humble abode and taken bread out of their mouths. ” “ A Hidden Question” (1907)

The Iron Wall “Every indigenous people will resist alien settlers…This is how the Arabs will behave so long as they possess even a gleam of hope that they can prevent Palestine from becoming the Land of Israel. “Zionist colonization…can proceed and develop only under the protection of a power that is independent of the native population – behind an iron wall which the native population can not breach.” Ze’ev Jabotinksy (1923)

In 1948 the Palestinians became a disinherited people…. The reality was that of an Arab community in a state of terror facing a ruthless Israeli army whose path to victory was paved not only by its exploits,… but also by the intimidation and at times atrocities it perpetrated against the civilian Arab community. A panic stricken Arab community was uprooted under the impact of massacres that would be carved into the Arabs’ monument of grief and hatred,…the less [sic] Arabs remained, the better; this principle is the political motor for the expulsions and atrocities. Shlomo Ben-Ami pp

The New Historians Challenging the Seven Myths of Israeli Historiography on 1948 Zionists accepted Partition / hoped for peace Palestinians rejected Partition / planned for war Arab states united to expel Jews from Palestine War erupted because of the Arab invasion A defenseless Israel faced an Arab Goliath Israel sought peace, Arabs rejected it Palestinians fled voluntarily planning to return as conquerors

4 Options To Overcome Dilemma and Build the Jewish State 1) Immigration 2) Apartheid, that is a Zionist minority lording it over the Palestinian majority 3) Partition (Create a Jewish state and an Arab State) 4)“Transfer” the Arab Palestinians from Palestine Benny Morris “Revisiting,” pp

What is the Relationship between Transfer Thinking and Transfer? “There is no room for both peoples in this country. After the Arabs are transferred, the country will be wide open for us…not a single village or a single tribe must be left…there is no other solution” Yosef Weitz (1940)

Born of War, Or Design? Is there a relationship between expressions of support for transfer prior to , and actual transfer in and after?

Herzl and Transfer “ We must expropriate gently…We shall try and spirit the penniless population across the border…Both the process of expropriation and the removal of the poor must be carried out discreetly and circumspectly” Theodor Herzl Diaries (1895)

Berl Katznelson “ The matter of population transfer has provoked a debate among us: Is it permitted or forbidden? My conscience is absolutely clear in this respect. A remote neighbor is better than a close enemy. They will not lose from being transferred and we most certainly will not lose from it…. But it never crossed my mind that transfer to outside the Land of Israel would mean merely to the vicinity of Nablus, I have always believed and still believe that they were destined to be transferred to Syria or Iraq.” 1938

Menachem Ussishkin / Transfer? “We must continually raise the demand that our land be returned to our possession.... If there are other inhabitants there, they must be transferred to some other place… We cannot start the Jewish state with...half the population being Arab…Such a state cannot survive even half an hour... It [transfer] is most moral... I am ready to come and defend... it before the Almighty. Menachem Ussishkin 1930 / 1938

Ben-Gurion a ‘Transferist’? “The compulsory transfer of the Arabs from the proposed Jewish state could give us something which we never had….Any doubt on our part about the necessity of this transfer…may lose us an historic opportunity ….I support compulsory transfer. I don’t see in it anything immoral.” David Ben-Gurion Diaries (1937) Speech (1938)

Transfer – Yosef Weitz “There is no room for both peoples in this country. After the Arabs are transferred, the country will be wide open for us…not a single village or a single tribe must be left…there is no other solution” Yosef Weitz (1940)

Bi-National State? “Palestine should be neither Jewish nor Arab. It should be a bi-national state in which Jews and Arabs share full equality…. the inhabitants of this country, both Arabs and Jews have not only the right but the duty to participate…in the government of their common homeland.” Judah Magnes Testimony (1946) Speech (1930)

Plan Dalet (April, 1948) “ The objective of this plan is to gain control of the areas of the Hebrew state and defend its borders. It also aims at gaining control of the areas of Jewish settlements and concentrations which are located outside the borders (of the Hebrew state) against regular, semi-regular, and small forces operating from bases outside or inside the state.” Opening to Plan Dalet (1948)

Where Did Refugees Go? Place # (est) Jordan/W. Bank 400,000 Gaza 200,000 Lebanon 120,000 Syria 75,000

“There are circumstances that justify ethnic cleansing. A Jewish state would not have come into being without the uprooting of 700,000 Palestinians. Therefore it was necessary to uproot them…. It was necessary to cleanse the border areas and main roads…to cleanse the villages…I know it doesn’t sound nice, but that’s the term we used at the time.” Benny Morris Ha’aretz Interview (2004)