1 Russia’s Priorities to Space Exploration and International Cooperation by Nikolai Anfimov Director General TsNIIMASH, Russia’s Federal Space Agency by Nikolai Anfimov Director General TsNIIMASH, Russia’s Federal Space Agency Symposium SPACE EXPLORATION AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Washington D.C., June 21-22, 2004

2 Since the first years of the space era Russia pursued a policy of extended utilization of the outer space in the interests of science and economy and that of applied studies implementation on the basis of international cooperation (the beginning was in 1965 with the INTERKOSMOS program in which 10 countries participated, mainly from the Eastern Europe). Flights of foreign astronauts aboard Russian spacecraft and orbital stations, including MIR Station, Apollo- Soyuz Test Program, international cooperation and partnership in the ISS and in other international scientific space programs have clearly demonstrated Russia’s adherence to effective models of partnership and international cooperation. Russia's space policy

3 Orbital constellation Number of objects Enterprises 84 state enterprises 24 JSC Space vehicle launches. Launch sites Baiconur, Plesetsk and Svobodnyi with supporting infrastructure Application of space activity results: defense socio-economical sphere scientific research international cooperation Based on a tremendous technological experience and created space potential Russia is in position to undertake large-scale space programs and initiatives. Russia's space potential

4 Rockot Soyuz International cooperation in space INTEGRAL Proton Russia pursues a policy on active integration into international space projects together with European countries, USA, Canada, Japan, China et al. 22 agreements between the Russian Federal Space Agency and European Space Agency, national space agencies of USA, France and many other countries have been signed and are in force.

5 Prospect and priority areas of cosmonautics evolution in the XXI century

6 the ISS deployment finalization, operation and utilisation; establishment of a unified global international navigation system based on integration of the GPS, GLONASS and Galileo systems; extension of international cooperation in advancing and improving the GMES integrated system on the basis of novel technologies for the Earth remote sensing; extension of fundamental research efforts based on modern space technology capabilities (within such international programs as the INTEGRAL, Spectr, Mars-Surveyor, Aurora, etc); extension of international cooperation in advancing and improving launch vehicles and facilities (the Soyuz Kourou program, the ATV for the ISS support operations, the FSA-CNES cooperation program, etc.) Near-term space activity areas

7 Human & Robotic Space Exploration Soviet and Russian Space Programs were leaning ever on combination of robotic and human missions The concept of the Russian Federation space program advancement for basic space sciences in the period of 2006  2015 specifies an active participation in global space programs and projects as well as joining the partnerships in extending the outer space exploration as one of the primary objectives of Russia’s international cooperation in the space research and application areas.

8 Soviet-Russian interplanetary robotic missions The Moon fly-buy Back side of the Moon (photo) Soft landing on the Moon surface Moon soil sample return Mars-3 Lunokhod –1,2 Mars - 96 Phobos “Venera-9” space station accomplished soft landing on Venus Halley comet image obtained with Vega-1

European Giotto spacecraft was expected to be 10,000 km away from the comet instead of planned 500 km. The ephemerid support based on information sent back from Soviet Vega-1, Vega-2 automatic probes and transmitted through US radar station would allow Giotto to home in with great accuracy on Halley's solid heart. Vega Giotto “Lotsman” project – support of the “Giotto” rendezvous with Halley comet International cooperation in space

10 “Phobos-Soil” interplanetary mission (2009)

11 Evolution of Mars human mission concept Key technologies consideration is recently revised under the program Mars-XXI ( )

12 Concluding Remarks In support of the US President’s Space Exploration Vision it would be appropriate to underline advisability for establishing a more extended long-term space strategy oriented at both solution of global human problems and implementation of President George W. Bush’s space policy of Moon and Mars exploration. Such approach would comply with actual human interests since it would establish conditions for implementing the UN proclaimed strategy of sustained world society advancement.