Zarah Rahman 1, Jonny Crocker 2, Kang Chang 2, Ranjiv Khush 1 and Jamie Bartram 2 Coordination for Clean Water: A Comparison of Institutional Frameworks for Managing Clean Drinking Water Water Safety Conference The Aquaya Institute 2.The Water Institute, Gillings School of Public Health, UNC

Background: Aquatest Research Program Water Safety Conference November , Kuching, Malaysia Aims to develop water quality testing tools Tools for contexts where resources are limited and infrastructure poor Funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Led by the University of Bristol, UK Aquaya: Field pilots of Aquatest system

Research Objectives Characterize institutional frameworks for water quality monitoring Water Safety Conference November , Kuching, Malaysia Compare actual practice with WHO recommendations Identify patterns, limitations and effective strategies

Water Safety Conference November , Kuching, Malaysia Methods Institutional Framework Maps 1. Roles: Policies and Standards Regulation and Surveillance Service Provision 2. Activities: Operational & Surveillance Testing 3. Scope: Rural & Urban

Water Safety Conference November , Kuching, Malaysia Methods 9 countries Bolivia, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Sri Lanka Malawi Site visits, personal communication, standards and policy documents

Operational Monitoring Water Quality Monitoring: Best Practices Water Safety Conference November , Kuching, Malaysia Surveillance Monitoring

Results Summary Water Safety Conference November , Kuching, Malaysia Operational monitoring limited to formal suppliers, primarily urban Responsibility for surveillance with MOH, but absent in some countries Regulators oversee formal service providers Standards vary in clarity regarding institutional responsibilities

ECUADOR Urban Rural Regulation/Survei llance Service Provision Policies/ Standards Water Service Providers: Municipalities, private or state owned utilities Ministry of Health Local Water Boards Ministry of Urban Development and Housing Secretariat of Potable Water, Sanitation and Solid Waste direct surveillance Ecuadorian Institute of Standardization Ministry of Health Provincial Health Departments Input/approval Drinking Water Quality Standards audit and direct surveillance Mandated but not practiced Operational monitoring

Regulation/Survei llance Service Provision Policies/ Standards Ministry of Mines, Industry and Energy Department of Potable Water Supply Ministry of Rural Development Department of Rural Water Supply Drinking Water Quality Standards Public Suppliers Operational monitoring Private Suppliers Community and Household Supplies Oversight monitoring Operational monitoring Mandated but not practiced CAMBODIA Urban Rural ?

Regulation/Survei llance Service Provision Policies/ Standards Regulation (audit monitoring) Water Service Providers: municipalities, public and private utilities SUNASS: National Superintendant of Sanitation Services Ministry of Health Directorate of Environmental Health (DIGESA) Local Water Boards technical support Drinking Water Quality Standards Operational monitoring Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation Regional Environmental Health Departments (DIRESA) reports direct surveillance Office of the Prime Minister Mandated but not practiced PERU Urban Rural

Regulation/Survei llance Service Provision Policies/ Standards Water Suppliers: state suppliers, municipalities, managed alternative supplies State Health Secretariats Centers for Health Surveillance & Municipal Health Departments Small Municipal Supplies Ministry of Health National Health Foundation (FUNASA) Community Supplies Operational Monitoring direct surveillance Operational Monitoring municipalities Drinking Water Quality Standards Ministry of Cities Mandated but not practiced BRAZIL Urban Rural Operational Monitoring

Water Safety Conference November , Kuching, Malaysia Summary 1. Surveillance Monitoring Roles well established in most countries Two strategies: audit & direct Constrained by limited resources 2. Operational Monitoring Limited to formal piped supplies Not carried out for informal & community supplies

Water Safety Conference November , Kuching, Malaysia Institutional Strategies for Monitoring 1. Surveillance Monitoring Audit of formal suppliers & focus direct surveillance community supplies  quality control 2. Operational Monitoring Improve capacity of formal service providers Focus on risk assessment for community supplies 3. Clear assignment of roles in standards

Water Safety Conference November , Kuching, Malaysia Thanks to my collaborators and supporters