CHAPTER 11 relating the structure of DNA to its function the role of DNA in protein production distinguish amongst different types of mutations.

Proteins are important components of living cells. Metabolism of cells is controlled by proteins called enzymes. Proteins are essential for life. Every cell is capable of making all the thousands of different kinds of proteins it may need.

DNA of the chromosomes is the genetic material that is passed from generation to generation. Genes are sections of DNA. DNA controls cellular activities by controlling the production of enzymes.

The molecule that controls the production of proteins is a nucleic acid called Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). DNA is found in the chromosomes in the nucleus. DNA carries information for running the cell. DNA is made of nucleotides.

DNA Structure DNA is made up of nucleotides Nucleotides Have Three Parts 1. Simple Sugar (5-carbon sugar) 2. Phosphate group 3. Nitrogen Base

Looking at the Structure of DNA In 1953 Watson and Crick solved the puzzle (p. 290 Fig. 11:3) These two scientists viewed x-ray images of DNA crystals that were created by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. DNA Structure Resembles a ladder  sides: sugar and phosphate  rungs (steps): complementary pairs of nitrogen bases

The structure (shape) of the DNA is referred to as a double helix.

In DNA, there are four possible nitrogen bases: adenine (A) guanine (G) cytosine (C) thymine (T)

Purines  Adenine (A)  Guanine (G) Pyrimidines  Thymine (T)  Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) to Thymine (T) And Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C)