Reactions Segment By Jamie Biondi, Townsend Smith, Nick Philip, and Bobby Benjamin

Granger Movement Founded in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelley in Washington, D.C. Gave farmers a political voice Goals to improve the unfair life that farmers had Peaked in 1875 with over 850,000 members

Railroad Practices Small companies were being overcharged while big businesses like Standard Oil got rebates Grange thought that railroad practices like pools and rebates were unfair Grange sought to get these practices made illegal in order to avoid being cheated by big business owners.

Railroads=Public Utility Granger movement and especially Munn V. Illinois helped to make public regulation for private businesses that were devoted to public use

Bloc Voting Voting used by the Grange to allow Granger members to get into state legislature Once on the inside, the Grange members would support railroad reforms

Granger State Laws Laws proposed by the Grange Code by which railroads had to abide Aim was to make railroad practices fairer for farmers

Munn v. Illinois (1877) Upheld right of states to regulate private property when it is in the interest of the public Firm of Ira Munn and George Scott’s successors used illegal rates for their warehouses then they appealed to the Supreme Court when Illinois supreme court upheld the law Their complaint was that the Warehouse Act was in violation of the 14 th amendment The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the state of Illinois

Wabash Case (1886) St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois The court declared invalid an Illinois law prohibiting long- and short-haul clauses in transportation contracts as an infringement on the exclusive powers of Congress The result of the case was denial of state power to regulate interstate rates for railroads The decision led to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Created the Interstate Commerce Commission, the first true federal regulatory agency. Designed to address the issues of railroad abuse and discrimination Required: Shipping rates had to be "reasonable and just" Rates had to be published Secret rebates were outlawed Price discrimination against small markets was made illegal.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) 1 st legislation enacted by the United States Congress to curb concentrations of power that interfere with trade and reduce economic competition. Named for U.S. senator John Sherman One of main provisions outlaws all combinations that restrain trade between states or with foreign nations.

Collective Bargaining An employer or employers agree to discuss the conditions of work by bargaining with representatives of the employees, usually a labor union. Purpose either a discussion of the terms and conditions of employment or a consideration of the collective relations between both sides. The merits of collective bargaining have been argued by both opponents and proponents of the process The National Labor Relations Act of 1935, known as the Wagner Act, established the right to collective bargaining in the United States.

Knights of Labor the first major labor organization in the US Looking to combine various unions in one organization Fell into decline after one of their members was executed for killing a policeman in the Haymarket Riot in 1886.

American Federation of Labor Sought to organize craft unions in a federation in which the individual unions maintained some autonomy Structure differed from that of the Knights of Labor, who wanted to absorb individual unions Founding leader was Samuel Gompers.

International Ladies' Garment Workers Union In its early years many members were sympathetic to various radical movements. Grew rapidly in its first years. ( ) launched two spectacular and successful mass strikes in the garment district of New York City. As a result of the strikes, the dress manufacturers agreed to deal with the ILGWU and its affiliates. Union benefited by the labor policies of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and membership rose to 300,000 in In 1995 the 125,000-member ILGWU merged with the 175,000-member Amalgamated Clothing and Textile Workers’ Union to form the Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE).

Thomas Nast Caricature artist Created Democratic Donkey, Republican Elephant, and the “Tammany Tiger" ( om/cartoons/cartoons_nast0 3.html) Known as the "presidential maker“ after he helped Grover Cleveland become the first Democrat president since Commended for life-like drawings and method of cross-hatch shading.

Jane Addams Pacifist and Reformist who moved to Chicago to help the poor Purchased and repaired Hull House Hull house provided various educational and cultural activities for poor immigrants. For her work, neighbors called her “Saint Jane” (Hull House)

Resources &len=0&c=8&nfcp=1 apter19/medialib/primarysources1_20_2.html American Odyssey: The United States in the 20 th Century