Lecture 4 Organisational Information Systems (Unit 2)

Transaction processing systems (TPS) Sandeep and Ashwini Good introduction Benefits to organisations Drawbacks Starts with an example which demonstrates what transaction processing is

Decision Support Systems Eric, Sravanthi, Phalgun, Pratik Starts with the history, different types, benefits, gives a snap shopt of an interface toa DSS.

Decision Support Systems Kolitha, Caroline, and Thet A very good definiton, some of the components, different problem types, different types, analytical capabilities Something missing in both are examples.

DSS support management decision making by integrating: Company performance data Business rules based on decision tables Analytical tools and models for forecasting and planning

Decision Models Statistical Models Financial and Accounting Models Production Models Marketing Models Human Resource Models Summary statistics, trend projections, hypothesis testing, etc. Cash flow, internal rate of return, other investment analysis

Examples of Model driven DSS Voyage estimating system, Chapter 2, pages 46 DaimlerChrysler’s transportation efficiency support system, Chapter 13, pp Updated

Data driven DSS Make use of OLAP and data mining to extract useful information. With OLAP uses need to have a good idea of what information they are looking for. OLAP allows data to be viewed from different perspectives, i.e. the same data is viewed in different ways using multiple dimensions.

Data driven DSS Data mining is more discovery driven. Finds hidden patterns and relationships. Data mining can yield associations, sequences, classifications, clusters, and forecasts. The DSS used in Harrah’s hotel, page 466 of Laudon and Laudon.

A number of examples are given in Laudon and Laudon, pp

Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) Computer-based systems that enhance group decision making and improve the flow of information among group members.

Some of the common additional features: Electronic questionnaires Electronic brainstorming tools Idea organisers Voting tools

GDSS Alternatives [Figure 10.14] Stair & Raynolds

Decision Room –Decision makers are located in the same building or geographic area. –Decision makers are occasional users of the GDSS approach. Decision room alternative Stair & Raynolds

Local Decision network Schultheis & Sumner

l Teleconferencing alternative GDSS Alternatives -Location of group members is distant. -Decision frequency is low. -Group meetings at different locations are tied together

Teleconferencing video cameras chairs table terminals public screen Robert Schulthesis and Mary Sumner Schultheis & Sumner

Wide area decision network –Location of group members is geographically remote. –Decision frequency is high. –Virtual workgroups Groups of workers located around the world working on common problems via a GDSS Wide area decision network Stair & Raynolds

The Executive Support System

Gajendran – given a text description, introduction, characteristics, benefits and drawbacks Khaled, – similar, only the benefits and drawbackKhaled, Avanish, sumit, Ahmed, bankie

The Executive Support System (ESS) An IS that is focused on meeting the strategic needs of the organisation Designed explicitly for the purposes of senior management Used by senior management without technical intermediaries Easy to use, easy to learn

Use state-of-the-art integrated graphics, text, and communication technology Web browsing, , groupware tools, DSS and Expert System capabilities Also known as an Executive Information System (EIS)

The Executive Support System (ESS) Require a greater proportion of information from outside the business Competitors, government, trade associations, consultants, etc. Are linked with value added business processes

ESS Support : defining an overall vision strategic planning strategic organising and staffing strategic control crisis management

Laudon and Laudon, pp , for examples

Intelligent Support Systems Systems that augment a manager’s intelligence and expertise –Expert Systems (ES) –Artificial intelligence Natural Language processing Neural networks Fuzzy Logic Intelligent agents

Artificial Intelligence Cognitive Science Applications Robotics Applications Natural Interface Applications Expert systems Learning systems Fuzzy Logic Genetic Algorithms Neural Networks Intelligent Agents Visual perception Tactility Dexterity Locomotion Navigation Natural languages Speech recognition Multisensory interfaces Virtual reality The major application areas of AI (O’Brien, 2002:223)

Expert Systems Knowledge Based Information System (KBIS) Expert System (ES): – A KBIS that uses its knowledge about a specific area to act as an expert consultant to the end user

Expert Systems Mmayuran, Praveen, Ajay, Srujan – Covers all important aspects Plenty of examples

USER IF… and IF … and IF … and IF … THEN QUERY EXPERT ADVICE Inference Engine INPUT OUTPUT User Interface Programs Expert System Software Fact… Fact… Realtionship … Fact … Realtionship … Realtionship … Knowledge Base Expert System

Knowledge Acquisition programme Knowledge Engineering THE EXPERT and/or THE KNOWLEDGE ENGINEER Expert System Development Components of an Expert System, and the components involved in building the knowledge base. (Adapted from O’Brien (2004:293) and Oz(2006:333))

Whale Watcher html html

Expert Systems Applications in Business Chapter 11, Minicase 2, Page of Turban etal. Pages , Laudon and Laudon - Case Studies

Expert Systems Applications in Business CLUES (Countrywide’s Loan Underwriting Expert Systems) Intelligent help desk - IBM, Microsoft, Compaq CADS (Consumer Appliance Diagnostic System) - Whirlpool

Web-based Expert Systems u Disseminating knowledge and expertise u Transferring ESs over the Net to human users and other computerised systems u Also supports the spread of multimedia- based ES (intellimedia systems)

Executive support systems (ESS) Decision support systems (DSS) Management Information systems (MIS) Transaction processing systems (TPS) Knowledge systems (ES and office systems) Laudon & Laudon, p47