1 Transport Layer Lecture 7 Imran Ahmed University of Management & Technology

2 Transport Layer Our goals: understand principles behind transport layer services: –multiplexing/demulti plexing –reliable data transfer –flow control –congestion control learn about transport layer protocols in the Internet: –UDP: connectionless transport –TCP: connection-oriented transport –TCP congestion control

3 Agenda Overview of transport layer Flow control mechanisms Connection-less services – UDP Connection-oriented services – TCP TCP congestion control

4 Transport services and protocols Provide logical communication between app processes running on different hosts Transport protocols run in end systems –send side: breaks app messages into segments. –rcv side: reassembles segments into messages. More than one transport protocol available to apps –Internet: TCP and UDP application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical logical end-end transport

5 Transport vs. network layer network layer: logical communication between hosts transport layer: logical communication between processes –relies on, enhances, network layer services Household analogy: 12 kids sending letters to 12 kids processes = kids app messages = letters in envelopes hosts = houses transport protocol = Ann and Bill network-layer protocol = postal service

6 Internet transport-layer protocols reliable, in-order delivery (TCP) –congestion control –flow control –connection setup unreliable, unordered delivery: UDP –no-frills extension of “best-effort” IP services not available: –delay guarantees –bandwidth guarantees application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical logical end-end transport

7 Agenda Overview of transport layer Connection-less services – UDP Flow control mechanisms Connection-oriented services – TCP TCP congestion control

8 UDP: User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768] Connectionless service –unreliable data transfer –no flow control –no congestion control –no handshaking between UDP sender, receiver Using UDP: Streaming media, teleconferencing, Internet telephony Why is there a UDP? no connection establishment delay) simple: no connection state at sender, receiver small segment header no congestion control: UDP can blast away as fast as desired

9 UDP: more Other UDP uses –DNS –SNMP Reliable transfer over UDP: add reliability at application layer –application-specific error recovery! source port #dest port # 32 bits Application data (message) UDP segment format length checksum Length, in bytes of UDP segment, including header

10 The UDP header UDP length field includes the 8-byte header and the data. UDP checksum is optimal and stored as 0 if not computed (a true computed 0 checksum is stored as all 1s). UDP does not do-flow control, error control, or retransmission upon receipt of a bad segment. All of that is up to the user processes. UDP provides just what the doctor ordered

11 UDP checksum Sender: treat segment contents as sequence of 16-bit integers checksum: addition (1’s complement sum) of segment contents sender puts checksum value into UDP checksum field Receiver: compute checksum of received segment check if computed checksum equals checksum field value: –NO - error detected –YES - no error detected. Goal: detect “errors” (e.g., flipped bits) in transmitted segment

12 UDP Checksum Example Add 16-bit words (add pad bytes if necessary) e.g checksum= Checksum is optional; If not used, checksum = all 0’s