1. 06- Transport Layer
Transport Layer

2. Transport services and protocols
application
transport
network
data link
physical
provide logical communication between app processes running on different hosts
transport protocols run in end systems
send side: breaks app messages into segments, passes to network layer
rcv side: reassembles segments into messages, passes to app layer
more than one transport protocol available to apps
Internet: TCP and UDP
logical end-end transport
application
transport
network
data link
physical
Transport Layer

3. Transport vs. network layer
network layer: logical communication between hosts
transport layer: logical communication between processes
relies on, enhances, network layer services
Transport Layer

4. Transport vs. network layer
Demultiplexing
Multiplexing
Transport Layer

5. Transport vs. network layer
Household analogy:
12 kids sending letters to 12 kids
processes = kids
app messages = letters in envelopes
hosts = houses
transport protocol = Ann and Bill who mux, demux to in-house siblings
network-layer protocol = postal service
network layer: logical communication between hosts
transport layer: logical communication between processes
relies on, enhances, network layer services

6. Internet transport-layer protocols
reliable, in-order delivery (TCP)
congestion control
flow control
connection setup
unreliable, unordered delivery: UDP
no-frills extension of “best-effort” IP
services not available:
delay guarantees
bandwidth guarantees
application
transport
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
logical end-end transport
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
application
transport
network
data link
physical
Transport Layer

7. Multiplexing/demultiplexing
Multiplexing at send host:
Demultiplexing at rcv host:
delivering received segments
to correct socket
gathering data from multiple
sockets, enveloping data with
header (later used for
demultiplexing)
= socket
= process
application
transport
network
link
physical P1 P2 P3 P4
host 1
host 2
host 3
Transport Layer

8. How demultiplexing works
host receives IP datagrams
each datagram has source IP address, destination IP address
each datagram carries 1 transport-layer segment
each segment has source, destination port number (recall: well-known port numbers for specific applications)
host uses IP addresses & port numbers to direct segment to appropriate socket
32 bits
source port #
dest port #
other header fields
application
data
(message)
TCP/UDP segment format
Transport Layer

9. Connectionless demultiplexing
When host receives UDP segment:
checks destination port number in segment
directs UDP segment to socket with that port number
IP datagrams with different source IP addresses and/or source port numbers directed to same socket
Create sockets with port numbers:
UDP socket identified by two-tuple:
(dest IP address, dest port number)
Transport Layer

10. Connectionless demux (cont)
DatagramSocket serverSocket = new DatagramSocket(6428);
Client
IP:B P2
client
IP: A P1 P3
server
IP: C
SP: 6428
DP: 9157
SP: 9157
DP: 6428
DP: 5775
SP: 5775
SP provides “return address”
Transport Layer

11. Connection-oriented demux
TCP socket identified by 4-tuple:
source IP address
source port number
dest IP address
dest port number
recv host uses all four values to direct segment to appropriate socket
server host may support many simultaneous TCP sockets:
each socket identified by its own 4-tuple
web servers have different sockets for each connecting client
non-persistent HTTP will have different socket for each request
Transport Layer

12. Connection-oriented demux (cont)P2
client
IP: A P3 P4 P1 P1
SP: 80
DP: 9157
SP: 80
DP: 5775
SP: 9157
SP: 5775
DP: 80
DP: 80
Client
IP:B
server
IP: C
Transport Layer

13. Connection-oriented demux: Threaded Web ServerP1
client
IP: A P4 P2 P1 P3
SP: 5775
DP: 80
S-IP: B
D-IP:C
SP: 9157
SP: 9157
DP: 80
DP: 80
client
IP:B
server
IP: C
S-IP: A
S-IP: B
D-IP:C
D-IP:C
Transport Layer

14. Is every protocol the same?
Demultiplexing
Multiplexing
Transport Layer

15. Based on what we’ve talked about, why would anyone use UDP?
Transport Layer

16. UDP: User Datagram Protocol [RFC 768]
“no frills,” “bare bones” Internet transport protocol
“best effort” service, UDP segments may be:
lost
delivered out of order to app
connectionless:
no handshaking between UDP sender, receiver
each UDP segment handled independently of others
Why is there a UDP?
no connection establishment (which can add delay)
simple: no connection state at sender, receiver
small segment header
no congestion control: UDP can blast away as fast as desired
E.g. state info
Receive and send buffers
Congestion control parameters
Seq. Ack. Number parameters
NOTE: connection establishment introduces delay.
Transport Layer

17. UDP: more other UDP uses often used for streaming multimedia apps
loss tolerant
rate insensitive
other UDP uses
DNS
SNMP
reliable transfer over UDP: add reliability at application layer
application-specific error recovery!
32 bits
source port #
dest port #
Length, in
bytes of UDP
segment,
including
header
length
checksum
Application
data
(message)
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an "Internet-standard protocol for managing devices on IP networks. Devices that typically support SNMP include routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, modem racks, and more.” It is used mostly in network management systems to monitor network-attached devices for conditions that warrant administrative attention. (Wikipedia)
UDP segment format
Transport Layer

18. UDP checksum
Goal: detect “errors” (e.g., flipped bits) in transmitted segment
Sender:
treat segment contents as sequence of 16-bit integers
checksum: addition (1’s complement sum) of segment contents
sender puts checksum value into UDP checksum field
Receiver:
compute checksum of received segment
check if computed checksum equals checksum field value:
NO - error detected
YES - no error detected. But maybe errors nonetheless? More later ….
Transport Layer

19. Internet Checksum Example
Note: when adding numbers, a carryout from the most significant bit needs to be added to the result
Example: add two 16-bit integers
wraparound
the 1's complement sum is done by summing the numbers and adding the carry (or carries) to the result.
Kurose and Ross forgot to say anything about wrapping the carry and adding it to low order bit
Testing checksum:
Add all the 16-bit words at receiver (including checksum field). If sum is all ones ( ), then no errors. If at least 1 zero, then errors are introduced in segment.
sum
checksum
Transport Layer

20. Checksum calculation
UDP uses 1’s complement for their checksums. Suppose you have the following 8-bit bytes: , , What is the 1’s complement of the sum of these 8-bit bytes?
How does the receiver detect errors?
Transport Layer