Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 1

Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating Florida Benchmarks SC.7.N.1.5 Describe the methods used in the pursuit of a scientific explanation as seen in different fields of science such as biology, geology, and physics. SC.7.E.6.3 Identify current methods for measuring the age of Earth and its parts, including the law of superposition and radioactive dating. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 2

It’s About Time! How can the absolute age of rock be determined? Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating It’s About Time! How can the absolute age of rock be determined? Determining the age of an event or object in years is called absolute dating. Scientists often use radioactive isotopes to find the absolute age of rocks and other materials. An isotope is an atom of an element that has a certain number of neutrons. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 3

How can the absolute age of rock be determined? Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating How can the absolute age of rock be determined? Isotopes decay at set rates, so they can be used to date rocks Radioactive isotopes are isotopes that are unstable and break down into other isotopes in a process called radioactive decay. Radioactive decay takes place when an unstable isotope breaks down into a more stable isotope Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 4

The radioactive isotope is called the parent isotope, and the stable isotope formed by its breakdown is called the daughter isotope. Half-life is the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive element to decay and form daughter isotopes.

How can the absolute age of rock be determined? Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating How can the absolute age of rock be determined? Scientists study the amounts of parent and daughter isotopes to date samples. Finding the absolute age of a sample by determining the relative percentage of a radioactive parent isotope and a daughter isotope is called radiometric dating. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 6

What is the best rock for radiometric dating? Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating What is the best rock for radiometric dating? Igneous rocks are the best types of rock samples to use for radiometric dating. When they form, minerals in igneous rocks often contain only a parent isotope and none of the daughter isotope. This makes the isotope percentage more accurate and easier to interpret. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 7

Time for a Change What are some radiometric dating methods? Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating Time for a Change What are some radiometric dating methods? Scientists use many different isotopes for radiometric dating. The type of isotope used depends on the type of material being dated. The half-life of the isotope used is also very important. It can’t be too short or too long compared to the age of the sample. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 8

What are some radiometric dating methods? Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating What are some radiometric dating methods? Radiocarbon dating is a method used for dating wood, bones, shells, and other organic remains that are less than 45,000 years old. All living things have a constant ratio of radioactive carbon-14 to carbon-12. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 9

Once a plant or animal dies and no more carbon-12 is taken in, the ratio between the isotopes changes. The number of half-lives of carbon-14 that have passed gives the absolute age. carbon-14 has a short half-life compared to potassium-40, which is why it has a shorter time range.

What are some radiometric dating methods? Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating What are some radiometric dating methods? Potassium-argon dating is often used to date igneous volcanic rocks that are 100,000 years to billions of years old. In order to find the age of a mineral you would need to know what the half-life of potassium-40 is. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 11

Uranium-lead dating can be used to determine the age of igneous rocks that are between 100 million years and a few billion years old. It measures the relative amounts of uranium-238 and lead-206 that is present in a sample.

Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating Time Will Tell How is radiometric dating used to determine the age of Earth? Radiometric dating can be used to find the age of Earth, though not by dating Earth rocks. Meteorites that fall to Earth are the same age as the solar system, including Earth. The absolute age of meteorites and other rocks in the solar system is about 4.6 billion years old. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 13

Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating Showing Your Age How can fossils help to determine the age of sedimentary rock? Fossils can help in estimating relative ages of some rocks. Fossils in older layers of rock are older than fossils in younger rock layers. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 14

Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating Showing Your Age How can fossils help to determine the age of sedimentary rock? Certain types of fossils can be used to estimate the absolute age of the sedimentary rock they are found in. An index fossil is a fossil used to estimate the absolute age of rock layers. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 15

How can fossils help to determine the age of sedimentary rock? Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating How can fossils help to determine the age of sedimentary rock? Index fossils have some specific characteristics. They are found over a large area. They have features that make them different from other fossils. Index fossils live for a short amount of time. They are abundant in the rock layers. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 16

How are index fossils used? Unit 7 Lesson 3 Absolute Dating How are index fossils used? Index fossils act as markers for the time that the organisms were alive on Earth. Index fossils can also be used to date rocks in separate areas. The appearance of the same index fossil in rock of different areas shows that the rock layers formed at the same time. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 17