Pixels, Images and Image Files 1 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

Image files (in particular, the BMP file format) How to save your OpenGL images to a file How to view image files within your OpenGL program How to manipulate pixel data from an image 2 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

A raster image file is a file that stores the mapping of pixel coordinates to color values. That is, the file saves the color at each pixel coordinate of the image. The saved image files can then be used for various purposes such as printing, editing, etc. Some commonly used image file types are: BMP, TIFF, GIF, and PEG files. 3 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

A raster file contains graphical information about the colors of the pixels. It also contains information about the image itself, such as its width and height, format, etc. Let us look into the details of a commonly used raster file format called BMP. 4 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

The BMP file format is the most common graphics format used on the Windows platform. The motivation behind creating the BMP format was to store raster image data in a format independent of the color scheme used on any particular hardware system. The data in BMP files is stored sequentially in a binary format and is sometimes compressed. Table (1) shows the basic format of the bmp file which consists of either 3 or 4 parts. 5 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

6 Table (1): Parts of the BMP file

The first part of the file is the header. The header contains information about the type of image (BM, for BMP), its size, and the position of the actual image data with respect to the start of the file. The second part of the BMP file is the image information section. Information such as the image width and height, type of compression and the number of colors is contained in the information header. 7 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

The fields of most interest are the image width and height, the number of bits per pixel (which should be 1, 4, 8 or 24), and the compression type. Compressions are techniques applied to files to reduce their size. Compression techniques are especially useful in the case of raster image files, which tend to be huge. 8 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

The compression types supported by BMP are listed below: 0: no compression 1: 8 bit run length encoding 2: 4 bit run length encoding 3: RGB bitmap with mask 9 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

The pixel data is stored by rows, left to right within each row. The rows are stored from bottom to top. The bits of each pixel are packed into bytes, and each scan line is padded with zeros to be aligned with a 32-bit boundary. Since the bitmap image format is so simple, reading bitmap files is also very simple. The simplest data to read is 24-bit true color images. 10 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

In this case the image data follows immediately after the information header. It consists of three bytes per pixel in BGR (yes, it's in reverse) order. Each byte gives the intensity for that color component- 0 for no color and 255 for fully saturated 11 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

Logical operations are performed between two data bits (except for the NOT operation, which is performed on one). Bits can be either 1 or 0 (sometimes referred to as TRUE and FALSE). The most basic logical operators that can be performed on these bits are: AND, OR, XOR, and INVERTINOT. These operators are essential to performing digital math operations. 12 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

Since pixels are nothing more than a series of bits in a buffer, they can be combined using bitwise logical operations (that is, we apply the logical operations to each corresponding bit). The operations are applied between the incoming pixel values (source) and those currently into the frame buffer (destination). 13 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

The resultant pixel values are saved back in the frame buffer. For true color pixels, the operations are performed on the corresponding bits of the two pixel values, yielding the final pixel value. 14 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

The following figure show the OR operator applied to two monochrome (single bit) pixel values. The bits with value 1 are shown in a white color, and those with value 0 are shown in black. 15 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

An AND operator uses the source as a mask to select pixels in the destination and clears out the rest, as shown in Figure. Image compositing, where two images are combined in some manner to create a third resultant image, make use of these two operations heavily. 16 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

XORing the source over the destination guarantees that the source stands out. This technique is used very often in rubber-banding, where a line or a rectangle is dragged around by the user on top of a background image. 17 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY Rubber-banding: XOR of a line with the background image

The neat thing about an XOR operation is that two XORs generates the same values back again. That is, (A XOR B) XOR A = B. This operation is often used to erase a previously drawn image. If you have ever tried selecting a number of programs on the Windows desktop, now you know that it's done are using the XOR operator. 18 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

19 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY XORing twice

we can use the XOR operation to first draw the smiley face and then XOR once again to erase only the portion we drew into. This technique tends to be a much faster operation than redrawing the entire background and is therefore used extensively in gaming. 20 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

This approach works best for constant color images, since the colors do get flipped on the first XOR. For multicolor images, the XOR operation may result in psychedelic colors being produced. As a result, XOR should be used only when the image colors are designed to work for it. 21 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

The real value of saving images on the computer is image processing - what can be done to the image once it is resident on the computer. Effects like blending, compositing, and cleaning up pixel values are used routinely in productions. The idea behind image processing is simple: manipulate the pixel information of the given image using some mathematical functions and save the result in a new image file. We discuss two techniques in this section, namely, compositing and red-eye removal. 22 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

Compositing is the most widely used operation in the post-production of films, commercials, and even TV broadcasts. The basic operation in image compositing is to overlay one (usually nonrectangular) image on top of the other. 23 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

Various techniques are used for compositing images. One popular technique is the blue screen process. First, the subject is photographed in front of an evenly lit, bright, pure blue background. Then the compositing process, whether photographic or electronic, replaces all the blue in the picture with the background image, known as the background plate. 24 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

In reality, any color can be used for the background, but blue has been favored since it is the complementary color to flesh tone. The source and destination images can come from live action images or be computer generated. Jurassic Park employed compositing extensively to composite CG-generated dinosaurs in front of real live shots. 25 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

The essential compositing algorithm is as shown below. It designates Blue or the desired color as transparent. The source image is copied on top of a defined destination image as follows: 26 By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY

The only problem, of course, is that "transparent" color can't be used in the source image. By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY 27

Another technique for compositing, being used more frequently now makes use of a mask or stencil. This technique uses logical operations as follows: Create a mask of the image. Many production houses create the mask as part of the alpha channel of the image. The mask essentially identifies the desired areas of the source image. AND the source with the mask (not always required). AND the background with NOT of mask OR the results to produce the final composite. By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY 28

By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY 29 Image Composition using masks

Image enhancements are possible because we have access to the actual pixel information of the image. we can target specific pixels based on some criteria and then change their values. You may have used a very common feature in image processing tools-red-eye removal. we load in a smiley face with red eyes. The eyes are made up of pixels with a color value of (255,0,0). We will target pixels with this color and change them to blue. By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY 30

To do this, we first determine the length of each row. Using the length, we can point to any desired row in the pixmap as the pixel-row variable. Then we loop through the columns of pixel values in this row. If we determine the pixel value in any column has a red color, we change it to blue. By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY 31

By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY 32

When you run this code, the display will show a blue- eyed smiley face! You can save the result to a file to verify that we did indeed perform red-eye removal. This is an oversimplification of the actual mechanics behind red eye reduction, but you get the idea. Now when you use a processing tool to get rid of the reds, you will know what kind of technology is working in the background. By Dr. HANY ELSALAMONY 33