Cost of Sensor Networks Time $ Computing Power Sensors Installation, Connection and Commissioning Mesh Networking

Low Data Rate WPAN Applications (Zigbee) RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL CONSUMER ELECTRONICS TV VCR DVD/CD remote security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation PC & PERIPHERALS BUILDING AUTOMATION security HVAC AMR lighting control access control mouse keyboard joystick PERSONAL HEALTH CARE patient monitoring fitness monitoring INDUSTRIAL CONTROL asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt

Standards IEEE Zigbee TinyOS ISA SP100 HART

Zigbee Zigbee 1.0 ratified in 2004 Great marketing tool, but… –Nothing interoperable yet –“Zigbee” products typically aren’t Everything shipped to date is IEEE proprietary MAC Lost industrial automation in 2005 Losing building automation in 2006? Fighting Zensys in home automation Latest: Zigbee Pro –“The stack that works” –Hot debate on frequency hopping

University Demos – Results of 100 man-years of research Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per node vs. 50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node. Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction and velocity

What went wrong? Reliability Power Security Cost Size Academic: Repeatability Intractability –“It takes roughly 2.5 PhDs to get a new sensor network project to work. This has to change.” - Sam Madden, MIT

Reliability Understand the RF environment in the context of Murphy’s Law Use redundancy –Time –Frequency –Space Results: >99.9% end-to-end reliability in harsh environments

Power 200k Bit rate (bps)100k 300k I RX (mA) X cc1000 Molnar 04 (0.4mA) X cc2420 X Otis 05 (0.4mA) Cook 06 (300  W) X With software: 10 years  D cell With software: 10 years  coin cell

Security AES 128 –Confidentiality –Integrity –Authenticity Public Key Infrastructure –Certification –Key exchange

System Cost, 2005 Single-chip mote –Processor, memory –2.4G radio (not ) –Software? Single-chip$1.50 Passives$0.20 PCB Assembly & Test$0.20 Battery$0.10 Total$2

Chevron’s Richmond Refinery 1 km

Oil Refinery – Double Coker Unit Scope limited to Coker facility and support units spanning over 1200ft Expanded to 27 units, implemented 14 to start No repeaters were needed to ensure connectivity Gateway connected via Ethernet port in control room to process control network Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per wired practices GW

ISA Expo Wireless HART Demo October 2006

Emerson (Fully integrated + Battery powered) Siemens (Fully Integrated + Battery powered) Pepperl+ Fuchs ABB Endress+ Hauser Honeywell MACTek Phoenix Contact Smar Yokogawa Siemens (Gateway + Mgmt) Elpro Wireless HART Demo, ISA Expo Manufacturers,1 Network – Dust Networks’ SmartMesh XT

Excerpts from Customer Presentations at the Emerson Process Users Conference October 2-5, 2006

Next generation capabilities Coming soon: –32 bit ARM; 1MB flash; 64kB RAM –2.4GHz RF, bps to Mbps, ~1nJ/bit –~  s synchronization across network –~ 1 meter location accuracy –< 10mm 2 –1  A in-network average current consumption Baby version –32 bit ARM; 128kB Flash; 8kB RAM –Same RF, same power –2mm 2 ?

~2 mm^2 ASIC Mote on a Chip? (circa 2001) Goals: –Standard CMOS –Low power –Minimal external components uP SRAM Radio ADC Temp Amp inductor crystal battery antenna ~$1

Single-chip motes Atmel Chipcon (TI) Ember Freescale Jennic Oki …