1. Pete Secor

2. WIRELESS BASICS Industry standards for RF transmission IEEE 802.11 WiFi; Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.4 Low Power Low Data Rate Platform for ZigBee & Wireless HART & Evergreen Telemetry Hierarchy of layers--rule sets—foundation at bottom Applications (Smart Energy App passes rate info) Network (Customized by ZigBee, Wireless Hart, etc.) Data Link (IEEE 802.15.4 defines this layer) PHY (Physical, radio, antenna, connector, etc.)

4. WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSN) Key terms: mesh; IEEE 802.15.4; ZigBee; interoperable Components End node (sleeps), router/repeater, coordinator Node contains: radio, antenna, sensing elec.; encl. For sensing and/or actuating Line powered and/or battery Built-in system monitors and reliability features Master intelligence

5. Network Diagram

6. 802.15.4 LOW POWER & LOW DATA RATE Battery-based apps Short, infrequent transmissions, not time-critical xxx bytes per transmission, not x Mb/s. Handshaking and error detection—resend if necessary Designed to withstand interference, not overpower End node battery example—temperature sent 1x/min. Lithium button cell 1000 mA-hr battery lasts 5 years. This platform selected by ZigBee Alliance Ideal building application—wireless thermostats

7. ISM Frequency Spectrum IEEE 802.15.4 specifies these frequency channels: 0 at 868.3 MHz (Mostly EU only) 1-10 at about 915 MHz (Mostly N. Amer. Only) 11-26 near 2.4 GHz. (Available worldwide) WiFi on same channels—different wave characteristics ZigBee Alliance tested WiFi interference Some transmissions repeated; none lost. ZigBee scans for low energy channel at start-up. Range at 2.4 GHz 50 to 100 feet per hop, through walls Amplified range measured in miles

8. ZigBee Alliance Founded 2002 HVAC Focus Key members: Emerson, Itron, Landis & Gyr, Schneider, Aclara AEP, Consumer’s Energy, Edison, BC Hydro Eaton, Crestron, Distech, Echelon, GE Johnson Controls, Siemens, Honeywell Atmel, Intel, Sharp, Sony, Samsung, NEC, Oki Hundreds of others

9. ZigBee Alliance Industry Liasons American Telemedicine; Continua Health Alliance BACnet; WiFi; HomePlug Powerline Alliance Demand Response and Smart Grid Coalition Electric Power Research Institute; NEMA European Smart Metering Association Society of Automotive Engineers (electric vehicles) ANSI; Internet Engineering Task Force Continental Automated Buildings Assoc. Consumer Electronics Assoc. (RF4CE)

10. ZIGBEE KILLER APPS HVAC monitoring and control Thermostats & VAV’s Smart Energy Term is widely used with different meanings One app: Connects electric meter to t-stat & appliances Utility can control home remotely—temp, pool pump, w. heat RF4CE Next generation remote control for home No line-of-sight issues Contemporary display & selection

11. Your App--What Can Go Wrong? Interference-- WiFi, oven, cordless phone, other. Absorption-- Water heater; Human bodies in hallway. Move or eliminate a reflective surface Change position slightly Reflections, phase change add/subtract signal Moisture Failure of a router/repeater. Battery failure Range reduction for various reasons

12. ENSURE WSN SUCCESS Experience generally problem-free Avoid long range, edge of range operation Install extra router/repeaters Awareness Range issues, number of hops Slight position change can help or hurt. Battery level—end nodes sleep—coord & routers don’t Transmission schedule (2 seconds vs. 1 min. vs. 10 min.) New emitter or change in environment causes problems Cycle power, rescan channels for energy, select new channel

13. SUCCESSFUL WIRELESS SENSING Questions? Pete Secor pete.secor@evergreentelemetry.com