PART IV Introduction to Philosophy

Introduction to Ethics What is Ethics  Morality & Ethics  Moral Philosophy/Ethics  Some Classic Moral Problems  Some Moral Questions Ethical Assessment & Value  Focus of Ethical Assessment  Value

Introduction to Ethics Spectrum of Morality  Introduction  Absolutism  Objectivism  Relativism  Subjectivism  Moral Nihilism  Moral Skepticism

Introduction to Ethics IV Ethics & Other Normative Areas  Introduction  Ethics  Religion  Law/Rules  Etiquette  Aesthetics  Distinct

Introduction to Ethics Moral Theories  Aretaic/Virtue Theory  Cognitivism  Cultural Relativism  Divine Command Theory  Deontology  Ethical Egoism  Ethical Relativism  Emotivism  Error Theory  Hedonism

Introduction to Ethics  Intuitionism  Moral Anti-Realism & Realism  Moral Skepticism  Natural Law  Naturalism  Prescriptivism  Subjectivism  Teleology

Utilitarianism Introduction  Defined  Utility  Relevant Beings  Act & Rule Utilitarianism  Proponents Appeal  Costs & Benefits  Democracy  Moral Intuitions

John stuart mill Background  Background  Education  Life  Works

Utilitarianism What Utilitarianism Is  Foundation of Morals  Ends The Pig Objection  The Objection  Mill’s Reply  Difference in quality of pleasures  Basis of the difference in quality of pleasures  Preference  Higher Faculties  Happiness & Contentment  Objection  Competent Judges

Utilitarianism Standard, End & Scope  Standard  End & Scope Proof of the Principle of Utility  Questions of Ultimate Ends  The Analogy  All Possible Proof

John Stuart Mill Objection  People desire things other than happiness  Virtue & Happiness  Love of Money  Love of Power & Fame  Virtue contrasted with love of money, power or fame  Happiness  Proof of the Principle of Utlity

John Stewart Mill Internal Problems  Formulation  Consequences  Response External Problems  Unreasonable Expectations  The Rights of Minorities  Nothing is Forbidden  Absurd Implications  Integrity

Deontology Introduction  Defined Rule-Deontological Theories  Defined  Rules  Proponents  Appeal 13

Kantian Ethics Introduction  Theoretical Reason  Practical Reason  Ethical Works  Emphasis  Rationalism 14

Categorical imperative The Good Will  The Good Will & Qualities  Worthiness of Happiness  Virtues  The Goodness of the Good Will Moral Worth, Maxim & Universal Law  Moral Worth  The Good  Law  Example  Determining the Good  Duty 15

Categorical imperative The Categorical Imperative  Law & Will  Imperatives Examples  Suicide  Lying Promises  Rusting Talents  Helping Others 16

Categorical Imperative Ends  Rational Beings  Objects of the Inclination  Rational Beings  Supreme Practical Principle  Kingdom of Ends  Rational Beings as Legislators Three Postulates of Morality  Introduction  Freedom  Immortality  God 17

Problems  Duty  Inflexibility  Rationality  Terrible Maxims seem to pass the test  Kingdom of Ends 18

Aesthetics  Defined  Problems  Questions  Aestheticians, Critics & Artists 19

Oscar Wilde Background ( )  Life  Poetry  Plays  Prose 20

New Aesthetics First Part  Vivian  Position  Mirror  Cyril’s Challenge to Vivian  Nature & life imitate art Vivian’s Case  Nature & Art  Change in London’s climate is due to a school of art.  Nature is our creation 21

New Aesthetics  Looking & Seeing  Things are because we see them.  The influence of the arts.  Looking is different from seeing.  One does not see anything until one sees its beauty  Example: fog  Nature’s Imitation of Art  Effects  Nature  Sunset  Life  Art 22

New Aesthetics What Art Expresses  Cyril  Imitative instinct  Art expresses Temper of its age Spirit of its time Moral & social conditions  Vivian  Art never expresses anything but itself  Vanity  Crowd  Not so  Art is not symbolic of any age  Ages are the symbols of art. 23

New Aesthetics Imitative Art  Vivian  The more imitative art is, the less it represents the spirit of the age.  Example  The more abstract & ideal, the more it represents the spirit of the age.  Architecture or music  Cyril  The spirit of the age.  Arts of imitation reveal the spirit of the age.  Vivian: Middle Ages  Imitative arts  Middle Ages  No great artist ever sees things as they really are. 24

New Aesthetics  Vivian: Japan  Japanese people as presented in art do not exist.  No resemblance.  Nothing extraordinary  Japan is a pure invention.  Painter  See a Japanese effect  At home  Vivian: Ancient Greeks  Greek art  Athenian women  Art has never told us the truth 25

New Aesthetics Vivian: Doctrines of the New Aesthetics  First Doctrine: Art never expresses anything but itself  Independent  Age  Opposes  History  Does not reproduce its age  To pass from the art of a time to the time itself is the great mistake all historians make.  Second Doctrine: All bad art comes from returning to Life and Nature and elevating them into ideals.  Life & nature  Realism is a complete failure  Avoid modernity  The only beautiful things  Hecuba  Modern  Romanticism 26

New Aesthetics  Third Doctrine: Life Imitates Art for more than Art imitates life.  Fourth Doctrine: Lying, the telling of beautiful untrue things, is the proper aim of art. 27

Political Philosophy Introduction  Social & Political Philosophy  Classic problems in social philosophy  Some questions in social philosophy 28

Liberty Introduction  Questions  Liberty  Positive & Negative Liberty  Who/What Determines Liberty?  Liberty & Security  Other Grounds for Limiting Liberty

Benito Mussolini Background  Life

Fascism  Peace  Only War  Life Fascism & Other Views  Marxism & Fascism  Fascism Denies  Democracy & Fascism  Predictions

Fascism Foundation of Fascism  Fascism  The Fascist State  Empire

Liberty Goal & History of Liberty  Mill’s Goal  Liberty & Rulers  Liberty as Limiting Power  History of Limiting Power of Rulers The Tyranny of the People  The Will of the People  The Tyranny of the Majority

Liberty Limits. Rules & Principles  The Limit of Legitimate Interference  The Basis of Rules  No Principle  Mill’s Principle  Rightful Exercise of Power  Limits in Application: Children & Those in Need of Care  Limit in Application: Barbarians

Liberty Utility as the Foundation of Liberty  Utility  Punishment  Compelling  Accountability Sphere of Action & Regions of Liberty  Sphere of Action  1 st Region of Liberty: Inward Domain of consciousness  2 nd Region of Liberty: Tastes & Pursuits  3 rd Region of Liberty: Liberty of Combination

Liberty Opposition  Opposes  Ancient Commonwealths  Modern Commonwealths  Tendencies Against Liberty

Emma Goldman Background ( )  Life  Activities  Works

Anarchism Anarchism’s Opposition  Objections to anarchism  Impractical  Stands for violence & destruction  Reply to the First Objection  Oscar Wilde  Existing conditions  True criterion  Anarchism is more practical  Reply to Second Objection  The most violent element in society is ignorance.  Anarchism only destroys parasitic growths.  Anarchism

Anarchism Nature of Anarchism  Anarchism  New social order  All governments rest on violence.  Two elements: Individual & Social Instinct  Not foreign  Battled  Anarchism  Only philosophy  Anarchism

Anarchism Pernicious Influences-Religion  Liberator  Anarchism liberates  War on pernicious influences  Strongholds of Enslavement  Religion  Property  Government  Religion  Dominates man’s mind  Kingdom  Anarchism  Rid of dominion

Anarchism Pernicious Influences-Property  Property  Dominion of man’s needs  Anarchism  Property is Robbery  Proudhon  Monopolizing  Productivity exceeds demand  Demand  Real Wealth  Utility  Gray & Hideous Things  Anarchism  Rid of dominion

Anarchism  Machine & Centralization  Machine subservience  Anarchism  Anarchism & Property  Anarchism  Oscar Wilde  Perfect Personality  Anarchism’s Ideal  Economic Arrangements

Anarchism Pernicious Influences: The State  The Three  Religion  Property  State  Government  Emerson  Absolute subordination  Thoreau  Injustice  Greatest offense  Ouida on the State  Demands obeyed & treasury filled  Clockwork  Destroys  State requires

Anarchism  Bakunin on the State  The state  State as protector of property & monopoly. Law & Order  Fatal Belief that the state  Rests on natural laws  Maintains social order & harmony  Diminishes crime  Prevents the lazy from fleecing his fellows  Natural Law  Natural law  Machinery of government  Obey  Violence  Blackstone

Anarchism  Order  Order  Terror  Social harmony  Society  Authority responds  Arsenal of government  Diminishing Crime  Absurd apology  State is greatest criminal  Failed to destroy  Crime is misdirected energy  Wrong channels  Laziness  Free  Laziness  Present system

Anarchism  Anarchism  Strip labor  Making work  Government must be done away with  Destroying government & laws  Only in freedom  Human Nature  Horrible crimes  The greater the charlatan  Cannot speak of human nature  John Burroughs: experimental animals  Freedom

Anarchism  Anarchism stands for  Liberation of the mind  Liberation of the human body  Liberation from the shackles of government  Social order  Order Methods  Political Machinery  Anarchism opposes the use of political machinery  Thoreau on voting  History  Laws

Anarchism  Representatives  Representatives  Corruption  Direct Action  Stirner  Anarchism  Defiance  Illegal  Free

Anarchism  More on direct action  Universal suffrage  American independence  John Brown  Trade unions  Direct action