Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Ch. 13
Categories of Treatment Psychotherapy - talking to a psychiatrist Biomedical therapies - medication eclectic approach - both psychotherapy and medication
Psychoanalysis Approach Freud’s influence – Getting at Subconscious free association - people speak freely and quickly dream analysis - the hidden but symbolic meaning of things in dreams weakness - subjective
Psychoanalysis Approach Psychodynamic therapists a person’s childhood experiences are critical explore the patient's underlying thoughts and feelings Interpersonal psychotherapy a session treatment that has been successful with treating depression cause of their depression goal - stop symptoms of depression result - improving relationships with others
Humanistic therapies insight therapies - person look inside to figure things out. focuses on the present instead of the past the conscious instead of the unconscious holds a person accountable not the unconscious it promotes growth rather than a cure
Humanistic therapies Carl Rogers - client-centered therapy where the patient speaks and, through self-awareness, moves himself toward his own conclusion unconditional positive regard - Non judgmental – allows patient to “open up” active listening - listener echoes what’s heard, restates it, then seeks clarification
Behavior therapies Counterconditioning - “unlearn” by conditioning or pairing a trigger stimulus with a new response. Exposure therapy - exposes people to what they try to avoid Systematic desensitization - can’t be worried and relaxed at the same time Virtual reality exposure therapy Aversive conditioning
Behavior therapies Operant conditioning the person’s actions interplay with the stimulus and results withhold rewards until a desired behavior Punishments given for unwanted behavior “token economy” – Secondary reinforcer
Cognitive therapies cognitive-behavioral therapy change the way people think and act goals Recognize negative thinking. Change negativity to positive thinking act on new positive thoughts
Group and family therapies Group therapy most common type of therapy patients not alone Support or self-help groups AA (Alcoholics Anonymous)
psychotherapy effectiveness? Results – Subjective Patients usually leave Happier Time – Big Factor
Alternative Therapies EMDR – Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing developed by Francine Shapiro reports 84% to 100% success having your eyes dart to and fro and is supposed to relieve anxiety Person thinks of a traumatic experience, then darts his/her eyes back and forth Skeptics - placebo effect
Alternative Therapies Light exposure therapy “seasonal affective disorder” (SAD) patients under bright lights Morning Light – 50% success
Drug therapies Antipsychotic drugs Schizophrenia responds best chlorpromazine (brand name “Thorazine”). blocks dopamine’s receptor sites. side-effects sluggishness, “the shakes”, tardive dyskinesia - facial muscles move involuntarily. Not good for Schizophrenics with apathy or withdrawal Clozapine affects both dopamine AND serotonin receptors
Drug therapies Antianxiety drugs Antianxiety drugs depress the central nervous system Example - Xanax. The good—cut down on effects of PTSD and OCD The bad—psychologically dependence and physiological dependence
Drug therapies Antidepressant drugs increasing neurotransmitters serotonin or norepinephrine Examples Prozac (or Paxil or Zoloft) side-effects - dry mouth, weight gain, hypertension, or dizziness Aerobic exercise Placebo Affect
Drug Therapies Mood-stabilizing medications Lithium - levels the emotional roller-coaster of people with bipolar disorder 7 in 10 people seem to have their moods stabilized
Brain stimulation Electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) - “shock therapy” ECT seems successful 80% of depressed people respond ECT reduces thoughts of suicide.
Brain Stimulation Alternative neurostimulation therapies Magnetic stimulation Magnetic energy pulses repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ). The person remains awake, it’s painless, and there’s no memory loss or side effects. 50% better than placebo group. Deep-brain stimulation - Helen Mayberg located a spot in cortex links the thinking frontal lobes with the limbic system - overly active in a depressed person. implanted electrodes to stimulate these areas. 8 in 12 people have positive results.
Psychosurgery removes or destroys part of the brain Egas Moniz - lobotomy. drugs replaced lobotomies
Therapeutic lifestyle change therapeutic lifestyle change change the way you feel, change the way you live. He says… Exercise, Sunlight, etc Ilardi suggests… Aerobic exercise – 30 minutes three times a week. Adequate sleep – about 7 to 8 hours per night. Light exposure – about 30 minutes each morning. Social connection – interact with others at least twice a week. Anti-rumination – don’t dwell on negative thoughts. Nutritional supplements – including daily fish oil with omega-3 fatty acids. 77% of the people improved from depression