GENETICS Brainstorm!

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Mendel’s studies lead him to conclude that traits are passed on as distinct units (genes).

Artificial selection = selective breeding What tool did Greggor Mendel develop? Define dominant & recessive allele What are the principles of dominance? BB= Bb= bb=

Explain probability & how geneticist use it.

Simple dominance What other types of dominance are there?

Simple dominance What other types of dominance are there? B = Brown eyes B = blue eyes What 3 terms describe these genotypes?

codominance

A=white B=black AB= black and white hairs called roan

Incomplete dominance

WWWW RWRW R RWRW RR WW RW RRRW WW

autosomal trait vs sex-linked trait

Autosomal traits are carried on the Autosomal chromosomes (all but the sex chromosomes) Sex-linked traits are carried on one of the sex chromosomes, X or Y.

Sex linked traits are carried on one of the sex chromosomes.

Sex linked carried on the X Why do male express sex linked traits more often than females?

What tool do geneticists use to chart inheritance through several generations? It can be used to show; patterns of inheritance how traits are passed if trait is dominant or recessive

What do we know about the parents if shaded in =? Recessive trait expressed What are some recessive diseases?

Is this a sex-linked or autosomal trait? How do you know?

What type of trait would cause a pattern of inheritance like this?

What type of trait would cause a pattern of inheritance like this? Sex linked on X chromosome. How do you know its on the X chromosome? What are their genotypes?

Why would Mendel’s principles apply to All living things? What is the molecule of inheritance?

Contrast # of chromosomes in body cells and gametes.

What is the name of the process for each ? What are the products of each? How and why are they different?

Which circle represents a gamete? How do you know

Mitosis makes 2 diploid body (somatic) cells that are genetically identical. Meiosis makes 4 haploid sex cells (gametes) that are genetically different.

Mutations are a change in the genetic code. these can occur when there in a change in a gene or a whole chromosome. types of mutations substitution deletion point mutation frame shift mutation Chromosomes can be added or deleted by nondisjunction during meiosis.

Nondisjuction results in gametes having the wrong number of chromosomes.

mutation = change in DNA = change in genotype EE RR= change in phenotype.

How many traits does a gene mutation effect? How many traits does a chromosomal Mutation effect? Why? Is one always better than the other?

Define selective breeding What are 2 techniques of selective breeding?

Inbreeding vs hybridization Which technique provides more variety? Which technique provides specific traits more often? What is the advantage to more variety?

X= Is this more likely to be inbreeding or hybridization?

X = Is this more likely to be inbreeding or hybridization? Which type of breeding makes more variety?

X = Pure bred vs hybrid

3 causes of genetic variation = mutation sexual reproduction gene shuffling

Genetic Engineering – humans changing the genetic code.

Steps of Genetic Modification using recombinant DNA technology Genetic Modification -Occurs when humans manipulate an organism’s genetic make-up. 1.Identify the gene for the desired trait and extract it from the DNA. 2.Insert this gene into a bacteria cell’s genetic material and let the bacteria reproduce. 3.Remove the modified genetic material from many bacteria cells and insert it into a plant cell or zygote. 4.Allow the organism to grow and develop and produce new offspring that carry the trait. All cells of the new offspring should have the desired trait.

When a DNA sequence, or gene, from one organism is incorporated into another organism the modified organism is called a transgenic organism.

Transgenic mice & fish

What is the process called when an exact genetic copy of an organism is made?

What is this process called. How is it done?

autosomal chromosomes sex chromosomes

Evolution brainstorm

It appeared at first that there were many different kinds of birds… but on closer inspection many of the different species of birds were all descended from finches.

X = Natural variation from sexual reproduction, mutations, and gene shuffling means that not everyone in a species is identical. In artificial selection humans choose who survives and reproduces.

In Natural Selection nature chooses who survives and reproduces. What are the 4 mechanical steps of evolution through natural selection?

1.Living things over reproduce: More babies are born then survive. 2.There is variation among the offspring. gene shuffling ( sexual reproduction) mutations 3.Struggle to survive (competition) 4.Those that survive have the chance to reproduce.

Those that have the genetic traits to survive in that environment reproduce and make the next generation. Individuals that survive and reproduce are said to be “fit” or exhibit “fitness”

Evidence of Evolution brainstorm

Evidence of Evolution comparative embryology homologous structures fossil record vestigial structures DNA comparisons This evidence supports the idea of a common ancestor.

Fossil records are often missing links of evolution. Darwin saw how fossils show that earth is very old.

The more similar 2 species are the more recently they shared a common ancestor.

1. More offspring are created than survive. 2. There is variation among the offspring, Due to sexual reproduction & gene shuffling and mutation 3. There is a struggle to survive. (Competition) 4. The individuals that are best suited to the Environment (fit) survive and the future generations look like them.

Main source of inheritable variation.

Main sources of inheritable variation.

Bacteria, which reproduce asexually, can use a process called lateral gene transfer in which some genes are swapped (like trading cards) between 2 individuals. This process gives bacteria more variety and promotes antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

Natural selection on traits that are coded for by one gene (single gene traits) can cause a change in the allele frequency causing a change in the phenotype frequency. ?

Natural selection on traits that are coded for by one gene (single gene traits) can cause a change in the allele frequency causing a change in the phenotype frequency. Bar graph

Natural selection on polygenic traits (many genes for 1 trait) can affect relative fitness causing 1 of 3 types of selection…

co-evolution occurs when 2 species affect the selective pressures on each other. Evolution Toxic Newts

According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle what 5 conditions are required for genetic equilibrium? In other words what is required to prevent evolution from occurring.

Conditions required for genetic equilibrium (no evolution). random mating for each mating large population no immigration or emigration no mutations no natural selection (death only caused by old age)

Conditions that promote evolution. nonrandom mating (choosing who to mate with) small populations immigration or emigration mutations natural selection One or more of these usually occurs in real populations.

Speciation How can new species come from existing species? Brainstorm

How can new species come from existing species? Reproductive Isolation gives rise to new species. What are 3 mechanisms that can prevent individuals from the same species from breeding with each other?

Behavioral Isolation: Behavior is a turn off. Geographic Isolation: They cant get together due to things like distance, bodies of water, mountain ranges, and deep valleys. Temporal Isolation: Work different shifts and don’t get to meet each other.

Behavioral Isolation: Behavior is a turn off. Eastern meadowlarks don’t respond to western meadowlarks songs. Geographic Isolation: They can get together Temporal Isolation: Work different shifts.

Eventually their DNA is so different if individuals from the different populations meet and try to reproduce they can not or have unfertile offspring. As populations of the species stop interacting their populations experience different selective pressures causing a shift in the common phenotypes.

Genetic engineering might keep emu tooth genes turned on