Presented by Sandra Cruz-Pol, Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering UPRM CASA PI Aug 9, 2006 ONR Visit to UPRM CASA an NSF ERC

“There is insufficient knowledge about what is actually happening (or is likely to happen) at the Earth’s surface where people live.” [NRC 1998]

CASA: dense networks of low power radars Colorado State University Commonwealth of Massachusetts IBM Mount Holyoke College National Science Foundation NOAA/National Weather Service Oklahoma Climatological Survey OneNet Raytheon Company Rice University Texas Medical Center University of Delaware University of Massachusetts University of Oklahoma University of Puerto Rico University of Virginia Viasala Vieux and Associates  Year 3 of a 10 year program  Initial 5 year investment $42 M  (includes $17M Engineering Research Center grant from NSF)  $6-7M per year annual cash budget  Critical site visit review April 2006 in MA

Today’s Radar Networks Comprehensive Coverage > 3 km > 3 km - 100% 2 km - 67% 1 km - 33% 500 m - 11% “Keyhole” Coverage Coverage at different heights

# Sensors Required for US Nation-Wide Coverage 300 m floor 3 km floor NetRad -OTG NetRad

Projects IP1, IP2, IP3 Rain, Urban Flooding (Houston) Wind, storm prediction (Oklahoma) Rain, mountainous terrain (Puerto Rico – student led) Wind mapping (100’s m resolution, 10’s second update) for detecting, pinpointing, forecasting wind events; 30 km node spacing. Rain mapping, distributed hydro. modeling, flood predicting & response in urban zone. Off-the-Grid Radar Network for QPE over complex terrain, student-led project IP2 IP1 IP3

Project IP1 - Initial 4-Node Test Bed Annual storm climatology for 7,000 sq km test bed region: 4 tornado warnings (2 touchdowns) 50 thunderstorms

User Driven System Design  Users : NWS Forecast Office, Emergency Managers, & atmospheric scientists will use the Oklahoma test bed  Severe weather [severe thunder storms, hail, and tornados] impacts 90% of EMs in Oklahoma.  Tornado Pinpointing cited by EMs as important for managing deployment and protection of first responders.  Tornado Anticipation cited by NWS and EMs as most important for increasing lead time.  All users cited more frequent updates of radar data as a critical need.  There is a need for lower troposphere, high resolution data for detecting: convergence lines, gust fronts, straight line winds. Sources: Structured surveys (N=72) of Oklahoma Emergency Managers; In-Depth Interviews (N=37) of EMs and NWS using snowball sampling and content analysis to extract information; test bed user group.

3 km NEXRAD NEXRAD: Map winds, rain above 3 km (10,000’) > 3 km covered by current technology

3 km 25 km NetRad System “underneath” NEXRAD NetRad IP1 Goal: Map winds below 3 km with 500 m resolution Water spout at Mayaguez, PR- Sept 2005

3 km 6 km 25 km NetRad Elevation coverage Goal: IP1 - Map winds below 3 km. 2 o “pencil beam” antenna yields median 500 m resolution 7 elevation beam positions scan 0-14 degrees

3 km 25 km “Cone of silence” observed by neighboring radar Goal: Map winds below 3 km. 7 elevation beam positions scan 0 o -14 o Neighbor radars map “cone of silence” above a radar. Multiple-Doppler wind measurement throughout.

R1 R2 R1 configurations R2 configurations Sit-and-Spin Mode Limited sector Mode NetRad Sampling Modes Samples the Atmosphere When, Where the End-User Need is Greatest

NetRad: adaptive data pull End users: weather services, emergency response an end-to-end system

Elevation Scan Ball-screw linear actuator Range: - 5 o to + 30 o Scan: 20 o /sec Azimuth Scan Mfr: Kollmorgan Scan: 120 o /sec Acceleration Prototype IP1 Radar 11x14x23 in. 100” (8’4”) 99” (8’3”)

Tour of the IP1 Sites Avg. Separation 25.3 km Coverage 6947 km 2 98% coverage below NEXRAD 41% coverage is dual-Doppler (2850 km 2 ) 25% coverage below 250 m Avg. AGL NetRad – 364 m Avg. AGL NEXRAD – 1000 m Rush Springs Chickasha Lawton Cyril

Where are we now? IP1 Project: End-to-End DCAS network of 4 rapid scan radar nodes. -2 pol magnetron Radars cost $200k in parts; replacement cost insurance coverage was $1.5 M for 4 radars during shipment to OK. - Custom towers & tower-top positions to host radars. -Infrastructure: -Weight: 1,500# -Site: tower top - HVAC, radome - Ethernet, fiber, access to node - Software: closed-loop, MC&C, policy mechanism but no decision-based policy as yet. NetRad – prototype Est. $500k to buy & install these radars

IP3: Student Led Test Bed in Puerto Rico : The Off-the-Grid Network

IP3: Student Led TestBed in Puerto Rico The Off-the-Grid Network 2-D video disdrometer deployed at SJ –NWS and at UPRM to characterize rain statistics during normal rain and T.S. Jeanne and Frances R-Z relation cal

Puerto Rico Testbed IP3 Update:1 st radar is here *Recent interest from Argentina

Weather Research and Tracking (“WeatherRats” K12 Initiative)

CASA’s Vision touching people’s lives... … saving lives/property, reducing vulnerability, providing economic benefits through improved warning and response to hazards … diverse education, outreach … industrial opportunities, commercial development Revolutionize our ability to observe, understand, predict and respond to weather hazards by creating DCAS networks that sample the atmosphere where and when end-user needs are greatest.

1/041/031/051/061/071/08 1/091/101/111/121/13 IP2 – Rain & Urban Flooding IP1 – Wind and storm prediction IP5 - 2 nd Gen. NetRad System IP4 - CLEAR IP3 – OTG/Complex Terrain OK System Test-Bed FR Technology Test-Bed PR Technology Test-Bed MA Technology Test-Bed (and PR Tech Test-Bed) OK System Test-Bed Goal: System build-out beyond 4 nodes. Plans for next 5 years Goal: 1 st end-to-end system; use rapid mscan to quantify value of DCAS (ie, extra 10 dB) Goal: QPE, closed DCAS loop via hydro models; reduce infra. costs Goal: QPE in irregular terrain; minimal infrastructure system; energy balance; education Technology Goals: escan panel radars; bistatic, Fabry

We are open to collaboration Mi CASA es tu CASA

Contacts Dr. Sandra Cruz-Pol- Microwave Remote Sensing and atmospheric attenuation Dr. José Colom – Microwave Radars & Circuits Dr. Rafael Rodríguez – Microwave Antennas Dr. Wilson Rivera- Wireless networks Dr. Walter Díaz – Social Sciences Dr. Mario Ierkic – Atmospheric phenomena Dr. Héctor Monroy – EM propagation Dr. Lionel Orama – Power All s & webs are on

Si wafer mask design & setup Very Low Cost Phased Array Radars - Semiconductor Cost $30k $80k 100 Radar Buildout Semiconductor Cost: $8M GaAs vs. $3M Si