2. Radars Sandra Cruz-Pol Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez CASA- Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere 2006

3. What is a Radar? Radio detection and ranging 1.How does a radar work? 2.Radar Concepts 3.Games

4. The frequency of the em wave used depends on the application. Some frequencies travel through clouds with virtually no attenuation. ALL em waves move at the speed of light

5. How does a radar work?

7. hello Compare to: Acoustic Echo-location

8. hello Acoustic Echo-location

9. hello distance Acoustic Echo-location

10. Hi !! time t = 2 x range / speed of sound Example: range = 150 m Speed of sound ≈ 340 meters/second t = 2 X 150 / 340 ≈ 1 second

11. RADAR Echolocation ( RADAR ~ RAdio Detection And Ranging) “Microwave Echo-Location” Microwave Transmitter Receiver Tx Rx

12. Target Range time t = 2 x range / speed of light measure t, then determine Range Example: t =.001 sec Speed of light = c = 3x10 8 meters/second Range =.001 x 3x10 8 / 2 = 150,000 m = 150 km Tx Rx

13. Thresholding time Measure time elapsed between transmit pulse and target crossing a threshold voltage. Then calculate range. Don’t “report back” any information from targets that don’t cross the threshold Threshold Voltage

14. Range-Gating time Range Gates

15. We will see that Radars work by… Transmitting microwave pulses…. and measuring the … Time delay (range) Amplitude Frequency Polarization … of the microwave echo in each range gate

16. Target Size time Scattered wave amplitude conveys size of the scattering objects. Measure amplitude, determine size.

17. Target Radial Velocity Frequency f t Frequency f t + f d

18. Target Radial Velocity Frequency f t Frequency f t + f d

19. Zero Velocity for “Crossing Targets” Frequency f t Frequency f t + f d Doppler Frequency

20. Target Spatial Orientation Polarization P t Polarization P s Large Drops Small Drops Closer look at Large drop

21. Example: Weather Echoes Microwave Transmitter Receiver

22. Echo versus Range (range profile) time Transmitted Pulse #1 Cloud Echo

23. In summary, radars work by… Transmitting microwave pulses…. and measuring the … … of the microwave echo in each range gate Time delay (range) Amplitude (size) Frequency (radial velocity) Polarization (spatial orientation & “oblateness”)

24. Other concepts of Radars

25. Colors in radar images The colors in radar images indicate the amount of rain falling in a given area. Each raindrop reflects the energy from the radar. Therefore, the more raindrops in a certain area, the brighter the color in the radar image of that area. The bright red color around the eye of a hurricane radar image indicates the area of heaviest rainfall. The green colored area has a moderate amount of rain, while the blue areas represent the least amount of rain. Hurricane Andrew, 1992

26. 0.1 mm/hr 1 mm/hr 15 mm/hr 100 mm/hr >150 mm/hr QPE – Quantitative Precipitation Estimation

27. Why Radar Can't (Usually) See Tornadoes The network of WSR-88D Doppler radars across the US has certainly proven itself for the ability to detect severe weather. Tornado warnings, in particular, are much better now that National Weather Service forecasters have this fantastic new (new as of the early 1990s) tool. But did you know that Doppler radar (usually) can't see an actual tornado? When Doppler radar is cited in a tornado warning it is generally because meteorologists see evidence the storm itself is rotating. It is a supercell thunderstorm or at least contains an area of rotation called a mesocyclone.supercell thunderstormmesocyclone When can and when can't Doppler radar see a tornado? It's math! Let's figure it out. We'll be looking into two factors: –1) the first is something you learned in school a loooong time ago - the earth is curved, and –2) the radar "beam" is 1 degree wide.

28. NEXRAD System Today Gap

29. May 3, 1999 Tornado Outbreak in Oklahoma

30. NWS has ~150 NEXrad radars in US; 1 in Cayey, PR

31. Proposed CASA radar network

32. CASA radars will complement NWS radars Water spout at Mayaguez Beach, PR- Sept 2005 –unseen by NEXRAD

33. Radar "Beamwidth" The geometry of the dish and a few other factors help determine the pulse volume, which can be specified in degrees. NEXRAD radar sends discrete pulses (and spends 99.57% of the time listening for return echoes) Meteorologists like to use the convenient terms "beam" and "beamwidth" to describe where the radar is pointing and the effective resolution of the air being sampled.

34. Antennas Antenna is a transition passive device between the air and a transmission line that is used to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves.

35. Antenna Beamwidth radians D is the antenna diameter λ is the wavelength of signal in air Tradeoff: Small wavelengths (high frequencies) = small antennas But small wavelengths attenuate more

36. Beamwidth Size vs. Object Size Beamwidth What can a radar see? Beamwidth is one consideration. Earth curvature and height of the feature is another (addressed on the next page). For the moment, we'll keep the problem in two dimensions and ignore height above ground. The geometry is an isosceles triangle. Be sure to note which beamwidth you are calculating for (i.e. 1 degree).

37. Beamwidth Distance from radar Width of the "beam" 20 mi 40 mi 60 mi 80 mi 0.7 mi 1.4 mi 2.1 mi 2.8 mi

38. Object Size How wide and tall are various things we want to see? Width of Meteorological Objects (i.e. Storms, Tornadoes) ObjectWidthHeight or Depth Supercell thunderstorm10-30 mi28,000-55,000 ft Circulation within the supercell thunderstorm 2-8 mi2,000-55,000 ft Tornado0.1 - 1.0 mi Cloud base - 0.5 - 1.5 mi* Individual storm cell within a squall line 2-8 mi4,000-55,000 ft Circulation embedded within a squall line 2-5 mi4,000-40,000 ft

39. Earth Curvature Fill in the table with values you calculate Elevation Angle Distance from radar Height above ground 0.5 degrees 20 mi 40 mi 60 mi 80 mi 19.5 degrees 20 mi 40 mi 60 mi 80 mi 0.17 mi 0.35 mi 0.52 mi 0.70 mi 7 mi 16 mi 23 mi 31 mi

40. Play related games

41. Play the games to learn the basics http://whyfiles.org http://meted.ucar.edu/hurrican/strike/index.htm http://meted.ucar.edu/hurrican/strike/ http://meted.ucar.edu/hurrican/strike/info_3.htm# http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hurricane/index.shtml http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/edures.htm

42. More Games for Kids 4-104 http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/reachout/kidspage.shtml

43. References  The COMET project [ http://www.comet.ucar.edu/]  NASA TRMM  NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) - University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)  NOAA Educational Page [http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/edu/ideas/radar.html]  Dave McLaughlin Basics of Radars presentation  NWS [http://www.crh.noaa.gov/fsd/soo/doppler/doppler.h tm]