Introduction to Process Technology Unit 5 Applied Chemistry

Agenda Organic and Inorganic Chemical and Physical Properties Terminology Reactions Acid, Base, pH Review

Chemistry in Process Industry How Chemistry Applies to Process Tech –Turning raw materials into products –Proper management of waste –Understand chemistry concepts that occur during manufacturing process –Understand terminology –Understand concepts to troubleshoot problems and improve quality, efficiency

Atoms – smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element –Protons – positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom –Neutrons – subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom that has no charge –Electrons – negatively charged subatomic particle found in orbiting the nucleus of an atom -- Valence Electrons – outermost electrons which provide links for bonding Molecule – neutral chemically bonded groups of atoms that act as a unit Structure of Matter

Atomic Number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element Atomic Mass (Molecular Weight) – weighted average of the masses of the isotopes of an element Determining Molecular Weight – –Add all masses of each element. Remember to multiply if more than 1 present. Structure of Matter (Continued)

Organic and Inorganic Chemistry – science that deals with the composition, behavior, and transformation of matter Organic – carbon based –Hydrocarbon – contains only hydrogen and carbon Inorganic – no carbons –Such as salts, acids, bases, metals –Many agricultural products

Physical Properties Density – mass (weight) per unit volume Specific Gravity – comparison of density to that of water for solids and liquids and to air for gases Hardness – ability of one substance to scratch/mark another Odor – smell of substance Color – optical sensation produced by effect of light waves stiking surface

Reactivity of a Chemical The ability of a substance to form new substances under given conditions A listing of all chemical reactions of a substance and the conditions under which the reactions can occur

Terminology Matter – anything occupying space that has mass Element – simplest form of matter Compound – pure substance made up of elements that are chemically combined Mixture - mixed together, but no chemical reaction Solution - a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase (usually liquid). Solute and solvent.

Terminology (Continued) Solvent – substance that dissolves Solute – substance that is dissolved –Solubility : how well solvent dissolves the solute Boiling Point –When vapor pressure of liquid equals system pressure Freezing Point Melting Point

Terminology (Continued) Homogenous –Same throughout –Can’t tell one part of mixture from another Heterogeneous –Different Equilibrium –Rate of reactants forming products = rate of products forming reactants Anion – atom or group of atoms with negative charge Cation - atom or group of atoms with positive charge

Chemical Reactions –Endothermic – needs/absorbs heat –Exothermic – gives off heat –Neutralization – acid + base salt + water –Combustion – fuel + oxygen combustion products + heat + light Catalyst –Helps a reaction go at a lower temp or increases rate of reaction –Is not consumed in the reaction

Acid, Base and pH pH – measurement of hydrogen ions in solution Acid (pH > 0 and < 7) –Bitter taste –Vinegar, Hydrocholoric Acid, Hydrofluoric Acid Base (pH > 7 and < 14) –Bitter taste, slippery Alkaline Caustic –pungent odors –Lye, sodium hydroxide, caustic soda Neutral – pH = 7 The stronger the acid or base the more hazardous to body tissue and metal

Review List importance of applied chemistry to process technicians Re-write all vocabulary words and their definitions Understand difference between the following: –Organic and inorganic –Endothermic and exothermic –Acids and bases Define the 4 basic chemical reactions most common to process industry

Work Read Chapter 11 (pages 158 – 169) –Do questions 1 – 13 on pages 170 & 171) Module 5, Exercise 1 – Chemistry Supplement Major Grade In class example worked by group

Independent Project Internet or literature search Write a paper on the importance of chemistry to 2 different process industries List raw materials, products List what chemical reactions, terms apply Identify associated safety and environmental measures and/or concerns