“Fingerprint Recognition based on Silicon Chips”

Introduction The Fingerprint Recognition system is a new part of biomatrics. The Fingerprint Recognition system is a new part of biomatrics. It provides an exciting look into the future. It provides an exciting look into the future. Basically devided into two types- Basically devided into two types- Enrollment Enrollment Recognition Recognition

Enrollment Enrollment can be further organized into three steps- Enrollment can be further organized into three steps- Image Capture Image Capture Signature Extraction Signature Extraction Storage Storage

Image capture Image capture consists of obtaining an image of the fingerprint. Image capture consists of obtaining an image of the fingerprint. Typically, resolution is 500 dpi which corresponds to a pitch of 50 microns. Typically, resolution is 500 dpi which corresponds to a pitch of 50 microns. In the real world, there are some systems that use only one bit per pixel or binary fingerprint images. In the real world, there are some systems that use only one bit per pixel or binary fingerprint images.

Signature Extraction Storing of images consumes much memory. Storing of images consumes much memory. So the fingerprint image is processed in order to obtain a signature or template. So the fingerprint image is processed in order to obtain a signature or template. A template is a compressed version of fingerprint image,with losses. A template is a compressed version of fingerprint image,with losses. After passing the image through several filters only the relative coordinates of minutiae are stored which are very small in size. After passing the image through several filters only the relative coordinates of minutiae are stored which are very small in size. 30 to 40 minutiae cost around 256 bytes. 30 to 40 minutiae cost around 256 bytes.

A less compact technique from storage point of view is direrct optical correlation. Storage Once the template is obtained,it is stored for further recognition.

Recognition The Recognition Process follows the same steps as Enrollment with the addition of other. The Recognition Process follows the same steps as Enrollment with the addition of other. The process includes The process includes Image Capture Image Capture Signature Extraction Signature Extraction Matching Matching

Matching The Matching can be devided into two types The Matching can be devided into two types One to one(Verification) One to one(Verification) One to many(Identification) One to many(Identification) One to one may be a kind of one to few. One to one may be a kind of one to few. Verification takes less computing time than Identification hence vastly used in commercial application. Verification takes less computing time than Identification hence vastly used in commercial application.

Fingerprint sensing Techniques There are different techniques for sensing the fingureprints such as There are different techniques for sensing the fingureprints such as Optical Optical Ultrasound Ultrasound Silicon chip Silicon chip

Optical Scanners

Silicon sensors compared with others

Silicon:size does matter Cost is very important factor when considering biometric technology. Cost is very important factor when considering biometric technology. As far as Si is concerned lower the area lower is the price. As far as Si is concerned lower the area lower is the price. Moreover lower the area lesser is the probability of defect. Moreover lower the area lesser is the probability of defect.

Sweeping technique Unfortunately fingerprint imaging is very difficult for small Si chips. Unfortunately fingerprint imaging is very difficult for small Si chips. Hence the Sweeping technique has been devloped. Hence the Sweeping technique has been devloped. Here the user have to sweep his/her finger over a thermal rectangular array. Here the user have to sweep his/her finger over a thermal rectangular array. This method uses several lines per slice and search identical pixels between each slice. This method uses several lines per slice and search identical pixels between each slice.

Security The security may be devided into two parts The security may be devided into two parts Living security Living security Electronic security Electronic security

The system on a chip The sensor,processor,associated memory and reference storage may be planted on a single chip. The sensor,processor,associated memory and reference storage may be planted on a single chip. But the limitation is the cost. But the limitation is the cost. We can implement ciphering techniques on the sensors as in smart-cards. We can implement ciphering techniques on the sensors as in smart-cards. But it may effect the security. But it may effect the security.

Authentication We may use a smart card with the fingerprint signature reference and a device able to extract the signature. We may use a smart card with the fingerprint signature reference and a device able to extract the signature. But the processor that performs matching may be corrupted. But the processor that performs matching may be corrupted. Hence the matching software must be written on the smart-card which results uncorrupted matching. Hence the matching software must be written on the smart-card which results uncorrupted matching.

Authentication This kind of smart card may be quite universal and unusable if stolen. This kind of smart card may be quite universal and unusable if stolen. But the only limitation will be the standardization of the software. But the only limitation will be the standardization of the software. It must be able to work with any fingerprint reader and variety of signature extraction softwares. It must be able to work with any fingerprint reader and variety of signature extraction softwares.

Authentication A better system is a smart-card which performs the whole process i.e. image capture,signature extraction,matching with a single chip. A better system is a smart-card which performs the whole process i.e. image capture,signature extraction,matching with a single chip. It may overcome the standardization process but it has some limitations. It may overcome the standardization process but it has some limitations. Required CPU power. Required CPU power. Cost of the card. Cost of the card. Technical difficulties related to thickness of card Technical difficulties related to thickness of card Size of the silicon chip. Size of the silicon chip.

Conclusion Fingerprint sensing silicon chips are the future of inexpensive fingerprint imaging and help to increase security and efficiency. Fingerprint sensing silicon chips are the future of inexpensive fingerprint imaging and help to increase security and efficiency. Use of CMOS components enables further system integration and hence greater security. Use of CMOS components enables further system integration and hence greater security. High initial costs may slow the integration process but we can expect cost reductions and new possibilities with microelectronics. High initial costs may slow the integration process but we can expect cost reductions and new possibilities with microelectronics.

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