Geostatistics Revisited: Patterns in the United States David R. Maidment 6 November 2008

Election as Geostatistics: Location matters!!

Statistical sampling of voters Final Preelection PollsElection on (11/4/08)

Election “Population” Population size: 125,225,901 Spread – Obama: 53% to McCain: 46%

Election “Sample” (Stratified Random Sampling) National Survey of 1,000 Likely Voters Sample size: 1000 Spread – Obama: 52% to McCain: 46% Sample: Population = 1000 : 120 million or %

Air Temperature: “Population” Nebraska

Air Temperature “Sample” (Mean annual values from Nebraska)

What are Statistics?

How do Geostatistics Differ from Statistics?

Random Fields: Probabilistic processes in space Voters: A finite population of spatially discrete objects Air Temperature: An infinite population which forms a spatial continuum

Air Temperature on an X-Y plane Easting, X Northing, Y

Geostatistics: Orientation matters!

Temperature and Elevation Contrary trend to normal, where temperature decreases with elevation

Histogram of Air Temperature Degrees Centigrade * 10 -1

Normal Q-Q Plot Standard Normal Variate, z

Normal Q-Q Plot z x Plotting posn = (i-0.5)/n, i=1 is lowest value and i= n is highest value

Trend Analysis

Semivariogram and Covariance

Semivariogram Dist = 4.75 x 10 5 m

Detrending with an first order (linear) surface

Trend removal Semivariogram with no trend removalSemivariogram with linear trend removal Long memory dataShort memory data

Mean, Standard Deviation and Standard Error of Estimate Air Temperature data in Nebraska (215 sites) Mean = 6.96 °C Standard Deviation = 2.07 °C Standard Error of Mean = 0.47 °C

Prediction and Standard Error Maps

Estimating Water Use in the United States

National Water Use Estimation TW = total water use PS = public water supply DM = domestic use CM = commercial use IR = irrigation use LS = livestock use IN = industrial use MN = mining use TE = thermoelectric use All variables defined for state i in year t

1 State Water Use Databases - Survey undertaken with the assistance of USGS water use specialists Category 1 (10 states) –Arkansas, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Vermont Category 2 (12 states) –Alabama, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Utah, Virginia Category 3 (28 states + PR) –Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming Category 2 3

Water Use Estimation Direct Estimation: sample n and extrapolate to population of size N Indirect Estimation: use regression or a water use coefficient model to get water use in each state

Trends in Water Use in the US Solley et al., 1998

Total Water Use Nuclear power plant in Pope County (1/12 of all water use in the State)

Arkansas Site-Specific Water-Use Database ~50,000 points with monthly water withdrawal estimates

Surface and Groundwater Points Groundwater: 39,100 pointsSurface water: 5,600 points Data are reported to AWSCC in acre-ft per month or year Data are reported to USGS national summary in MGD

Arkansas Aquifers Edwards-Trinity Mississippi Embayment Mississippi River Valley Alluvium Ozark Plateaus

Withdrawals from the Mississippi Alluvium 33,700 wells (86%) out of 39,100 total draw from the Mississippi Alluvium

Stratified Random Sampling V T = variance of total water use N h = total number of sites in stratum h, n h = sampled sites in stratum h, n = total number of samples and  h 2 = variance of water use at a site in stratum h L2L2 2222 1212 h=1 h=2 h=L PWS Domestic Industrial Irrigation Comm.

Number of Samples Required Arkansas, irrigation from groundwater Desired standard error = 549,273 MG requires 111 samples Random sampling: Total use = 5,492,730 MG % Standard Error No. of Samples 10%111 5%445 1%8600

A Sampling Scheme (for 10% standard error in total water use) Power uses have complete inventory, others are randomly sampled NhNh nhnh n =

Summary of Recommendations Elevate the NWUIP to a water-use science program, emphasizing statistical estimation of water use and the determinants and impacts of water use. Systematically compare water-use estimation methods to identify the techniques best suited to the requirements and limitations of the NWUIP. Determine the standard error for every water-use estimate. (Move from an inventory model to a statistical model to produce national estimates.)

Summary of Recommendations Systematically integrate datasets, including those maintained by other federal and state agencies, into datasets already maintained by the NWUIP. Focus on the scientific integration of water use, water flow, and water quality to expand knowledge and generate policy-relevant information about human impacts on both water and ecological resources Seek support from Congress for dedicated funding of a national component water-use science program to supplement the existing funding in the Coop Program This is now funded and is called the “Water for America” program