Lecture Notes Classroom Activity to Accompany Diseases of the Human Body Fifth Edition Carol D. Tamparo Marcia A. Lewis 3 Pain and Its Management

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3 Hold on, hold on to yourself, for this is gonna hurt like hell. —Sarah McLachlan

4 Pain and Its Management Pain and its treatment models Single-service clinics Pain clinics Multidisciplinary pain clinics Multidisciplinary pain centers

5 Pain and Its Management Definition of pain Hurting or strong discomfort in some part of the body caused by injury, disease, or disorder; transmitted through the nervous system Types of pain Acute Chronic Nociceptive Neuropathic

6 Pain and Its Management Other types of pain Angina Breakthrough Malignant Phantom limb Psychogenic

7 Pain and Its Management Variables of pain Early experience of pain Cultural background Anxiety and depression Age Sex

8 Pain and Its Management Gate control theory of pain Pain is a balance of information traveling into the spinal cord between the large and small nerve fibers No pain stimulation = no transmission to the brain With pain stimulation to small nerve fibers, the transmission to the brain is open and pain is felt

9 Pain and Its Management Assessment of pain P — Place A — Amount I — Interactions N — Neutralizers

10 Pain and Its Management Treatment of pain Medications Nonprescription drug therapy Prescription drug therapy PCA pump Intrathecal drug therapy Surgery Placebos PCA = patient-controlled analgesia.

11 Pain and Its Management Complementary therapies used in pain management Biofeedback Relaxation Imagery Hypnosis TENS Massage TENS = transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

12 Pain and Its Management Additional complementary therapies used in pain management Humor, laughter, play Music Acupuncture Aromatherapy Therapeutic touch and Reiki Yoga

13 Pain and Its Management A pain management treatment from China and approved by the FDA in 1997 is 1.Reiki 2.TENS 3.Acupuncture 4.Massage FDA = Food and Drug Administration; TENS = transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.

14 Credits Publisher: Margaret Biblis Acquisitions Editor: Andy McPhee Developmental Editors: Yvonne Gillam, Julie Munden Backgrounds: Joseph John Clark, Jr. Production Manager: Sam Rondinelli Manager of Electronic Product Development: Kirk Pedrick Electronic Publishing: Frank Musick The publisher is not responsible for errors of omission or for consequences from application of information in this presentation, and makes no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to its content. Any practice described in this presentation should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used with regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation.