Football, Nationalism and Globalization: A Comparison of England & Italy Professor Roger Penn Lancaster University

Conceptual Beginnings: Football Based on Nationality and Nationalism Nationalism, nations and nationality all have a long pedigree historically Nationalism received considerable impetus from the French Revolution, not just in Europe but also in Central and South America It grew throughout the C19th ~ the unification of Italy and Germany It accelerated after 1918 and again after 1945

Conceptual Beginnings: Football based on Nationality and Nationalism From its inception football has been powerfully affected by nationalism and national templates Football clubs competed in national leagues Football clubs players, coaches, owners and spectators generally came from the same nation Football was regulated by national federations Football became international within a decade of its codification This became institutionalized once national federations formed international governing bodies and organized international competitions This was the template/axial principle for football historically

Globalization I Football spread from its origins as a codified sport in Britain to a wide range of global destinations within a matter of decades The game spread from Britain as a result of British commercial and economic imperialism Examples: railways [Peñarol, Rosario Central], textiles [AC Milan], expatriates [Genoa] and former school pupils [Newalls Old Boys] This took place within a system of nation states

Globalization II This is a complex concept [or set of concepts] We can define globalization as a process whereby football takes on an increasingly global form –Clubs compete in supra-national leagues –Players, coaches, owners and spectators cease to be nationally exclusive but come from a plethora of national [geographic] origins

Globalization III The growth of globalization is seen as an emergent/dominant feature of the modern world Football is seen as an exemplar of these changes The presentation explores these ideas in relation to football in England and Italy This is an extension of earlier work comparing other aspects of English & Italian football It compares the trajectories of the two countries using a mix of quantitative, historical and hermeneutic approaches

Nationality of Players in English Division 1 Squads,

Nationality of English Premier League Squads [2010/11 Season]

Nationality of English Top Tier Squads 1970 & 2010

Arsenal

Manchester United

Tottenham Hotspur

Wolverhampton Wanderers

Nationality of Managers of English Division 1 Squads,

Nationality of Managers of Premier League Squads,

Nationality of Managers of Premier League Squads 1970 & 2010

Nationality of Owners of English First Division Clubs,

Nationality of Premier League Owners [2010/11 Season]

Nationality of Serie A Players, 1930s [Champions Only]

Italian Diaspora 25 million emigrants from Italy since unification in million between 1900 and million Argentines of Italian descent [17.8 million in the USA] 25 million Brazilians of Italian descent 50% of Uruguayan population of Italian descent

Istria/Fiume

Istria/Fiume, 1910

Istria/Fiume, 2001

Symbiosis of South American Footballers & Italy 1930 World Cup Final teams: Argentina ~ 3 emigrated to play in Serie A [I played for Italy in the 1934 Final] Uruguay ~ 2 went to play in Italy 1934 Italian team who won the World Cup Final against Czechoslovakia had 3 former Argentine internationals in their team 1950 Uruguayan winners provided two subsequent Italian international players 1962 Italian World Cup squad contained 2 former Brazilian and 2 former Argentine international players ~ all were strikers! Foreigner players banned in Serie A from

Nationality of Serie A Players, 1950s [Champions Only]

Nationality of Serie A Players, 1930s & 1950s [Champions Only]

Nationality of Italian Serie A Players [1988/1989 Season]

Nationality of Italian Serie A Players [2010/11 Season]

Nationality of Italian Serie A Players 1988/9 & 2010/11

Milan: Nationality of Players 1989 & 2010

Napoli: Nationality of Players 1989 & 2010

Inter: Nationality of Players 1989 & 2010

Juventus: Nationality of Players 1989 & 2010

Lazio: Nationality of Players 1989 & 2010

Nationality of Coaches in Serie A, 1930s [Champions Only]

Nationality of Coaches in Serie A, 1950s [Champions Only]

Nationality of Coaches in Serie A, 1930s & 1950s [Champions Only ]

Nationality of Coaches in Serie A, 1988/1989 Season

Nationality of Italian Serie A Managers/Coaches [2010/11 Season]

Nationality of Italian Serie A Coaches 1989 & 2010

Owners of Serie A Clubs: Italian

Trajectories of Non-British Players, Managers & Owners in English Footballs Top Tier

Trajectories of Non- Italian Players, Managers & Owners in Serie A

England & Italy Compared

Conclusions The trajectories of nationalism and globalization are significantly different between England and Italy Italian football was much more global in scope than English football in the 1930s and 1950s: this was powerfully affected by the enormous Italian diaspora in South America [but not in North America] Italian clubs utilized foreign coaches in large numbers in the 1930s and 1950s: however, they have progressively disappeared since that time Italian clubs remain exclusively in Italian ownership [Italian capitalism is far more autarkic partly as result of the legacy of Mussolinis corporatism]

Conclusions In England the trajectories of players, managers and owners all follow a very similar pattern English football was almost entirely British in scope until fairly recently Over the last 15 years or so foreign players and to a lesser extent managers have come to the Premier League in accelerating numbers In the last decade the ownership of English clubs has been massively transformed: now two- thirds are in overseas ownership

Conclusions National templates continue to be important, more so in Italy than currently in England Globalization has increased in English football but significantly less so in Italy Historic connections based upon mass emigration continue to be important in Italy: this evidenced by the continuing flow of South American players there

Data Sources Rothmans [latterly] Sky XXX Annuario del Calcio Mondiale Calcio Italia T. Crouch The World Cup: The Complete History Wikipedia

References D. Gabacci Italys Many Diasporas R. Giulianotti & R. Robertson Globalization & Football

Appendix: Recent Publications on the Sociology of Football I Il calcio in notturna e la città. Verso una economia della notte in E. Minardi (ed.) Economia e Sociologia della Notte Homeless Books: Faenza, *Football and Local Economic Development Soccer Review, Leicester, 2002, pp 58-62, (also available at *Management of a Football Club: A Case Study of Blackburn Rovers F.C. Soccer Review, Leicester 2002, pp 40-6, (also available at Sport e Sviluppo Locale: lEsperienza del calcio inglese in U. Lago, A. Baroncelli and S. Szymanski (eds), Il Business de Calcio: Successi Sportivi e Rovesci Finanziari, 2004, pp ISBN *'Football Spectators in English and Italian Stadia' Soccer Review, 4, 2005, pp31-33 ISBN (also available direct.org/englandwales/library.htm) direct.org/englandwales/library.htm *'Cathedrals of Sport: Football Stadia in Contemporary England' Soccer Review, 4, 2005, pp27-30 ISBN (also available

Appendix: Recent Publications on the Sociology of Football II 'Sport e sviluppo economico locale : I'esperienza del calcio inglese' in Tempi e Spazi dello Sport: Italia – Inghilterra Modelli a Confronto (2006) Bortoletto, N. and Mazza, B, (eds) Il Piccolo Libro : Teramo, Italy. 'Gli spettatori negli stadi inglese ed italiani' in Tempi e Spazi dello Sport: Italia – Inghilterra Modelli a Confronto (2006) Bortoletto, N. and Mazza, B, (eds) Il Piccolo Libro : Teramo, Italy. 'Le Cattedrali dello Sport : gli staid di calico nell' Inghilterra contemporanea' in Tempi e Spazi dello Sport : Italia – Inghilterra medelli a confronto (2006) Bortoletto, N. and Mazza, B. (eds), Il Piccolo Libro : Teramo, Italy. *The English Football Stadium as a Site of Post-Modern Consumption: Text and Image Sociologia del Lavoro, No. 108, 2008, pp ISSN 'Sport and Health : The Return of the Local' in D. Jütting, B. Schulze, and U. Müller (eds) Local Sport in Europe (2007) Münster: Institut für Sportkultur and Weilerbildung. ISBN , pp [Available at Sport and Health: the Return of the Local in D. Jutting, B. Schulze and U. Müller (eds) Local Sport in Europe Berlin: Waxmann, (2009) pp ISBN