1 Drainage and Environment, Results of the Monitoring of Non Point Source Pollution Viesturs Jansons Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Management Latvia University of Agriculture

2 Water pollution sources Point source pollution Non-point source pollution hard to determine the nature, extent, transport and fate of contaminants from agriculture

3 The contribution of Agriculture to N and P inputs into surface water in EU countries CountryNP Belgium66* Denmark7726 France55No data Germany5748 Italy6931 Sweden45No data UK89* * N and P from the agriculture to air, soil and wter Source: P.De Clercq et.all. Nutrient Management legislation in European countries. 2001, Wageningen. Netherlands.

4 Monitoring of agricultural non-point source pollution, Bērze monitoring site Small catchment station ha, Field drainage station - 77 ha, Constructed In operation (hydrological data) since Water quality sampling programme since Renovated measurement structure and new equipment installed in 2006.

5 Bērze monitoring station 2005

Moldova, Berze monitoring site Measurement structure V–shape Crump weir

7 Berze monitoring site Measurement equipment - YSI data loggers, powered from solar panels. GSM data transfer with mobile phone from stations to university PC.

8 Results: Nutrient concentrations, ,3 mg/l NO3-N

9 Measurements with nitrate zonde YSI 6000XLM Water t o Conductivity Dissolved O 2 Nitrate / N Ammonium /N ORP

10 Impact of the extreme climate conditions on nitrogen run-off (autumn winter 2007.) Dry and hot summer (19.VI.2006 )

11 Impact of the extreme climate conditions on nitrogen run-off (autumn winter 2007.)

12 Impact of the extreme climate conditions on nitrogen run-off (autumn winter 2007.)

13 Nitrogen Run-off / Load L= C Q L dr 2007 =37,3 kg N /ha L dr = 17,8 kg N /ha

NHF XXVI Riga Water Quality assessment Good water quality (WFD 2015)? Numeric values of the parameters / standards ? US EPA method based on percentile selection of data plotted as frequency distribution could be used. (EU JRC publication: A.C. Cardoso et al; "Criteria for the Identification of Freshwaters Subject to Eutrophication)

15 11,2 mg l-1 N-NO3 Probability (Gamma distribution) Curves for the Nitrate Values Evaluation in the Drainage field Run- off Fair Good Excelent Bad Poor

16 Numeric Values for Water Quality Criteria

Climate change regional models (SMHI) show that in the Northern and Central part of the Baltic region: Winter precipitation and temperature could increase, but snow packs will decrease; Shorter duration of snow cover, and frequent melting periods may take place; Summer temperatures could increase, but rainfall decrease, extreme weather conditions (floods, dry weather) may occur. Drainage run-off and Climate change 17

18 Conclusions 1.Water quality nutrient criteria may be developed for run-off from farm land for the field drainage and small catchment. 2.Criteria could be developed taking into account available monitoring information in different geographical scales, and may be adjusted with neighboring EU countries with similar regional climate, soil, and crop management conditions, e.g. Baltic - Nordic countries. 3.Field drainage / small catchments’ water quality assessment should include full scale of water quality classes (excellent  poor). Reference values for nutrients concentration (mg L-1) for water quality classification (5 classes according WFD) could be designated using following percentiles: (1) 10% bad quality. 4.Taking into account climate changes, in future drainage may play more important role in agriculture, but could cause an increase of non-point source pollution from agriculture.

19 Thank You for attention! Questions?