Ammonia Flow Battery for Renewable Energy Storage Jack C. Swearengen Chief Scientist Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable Energy Solutions 1

Our Vision Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 2 Imagine a world where: …energy demand and supply are always in balance …electric power is from renewable sources …the aging infrastructure could be decommissioned

Our Business Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 3 Why should anyone care? Moving away from fossil fuels is important. Off-grid power more prevalent 3 Designing and building energy storage for future Microgrids and Distributed Systems Renewable energy Centralized power production Fossil Fuel Hybrid and electric vehicles Surplus NH 3 Microgrid Smart energy system control and storage Cogeneration Energy storage from air based on a carbon-free molecule: ammonia (NH 3 ) GE Look ahead, 2015

4 Our Team Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 4 Jack Swearengen Chief Scientist Matt Kern Engineer-Scientist Pete Swearengen CEO William Even, PhD Chemistry Kenell Touryan, PhD Plasma Physics Willard Richards, PhD Physical Chemistry Jim Kennon Electrical Engineer Advisory Team

5 Market Opportunity Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 5 $800B EOS Energy Storage The Ammonia Solution

Ammonia is one Nitrogen (N) atom and three Hydrogen (H) atoms, NH 3 Ammonia can be synthesized from air and water $/kg-H 2 Fuel cell technology can be adapted to recover the stored energy in ammonia as electricity. Ammonia storage is easier and safer than Hydrogen gas The Ammonia Cycle is carbon-free! 6 Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions + Storage Production Transport H2H2 NH 3 The Ammonia Solution Bartels, J. R. (2008). A feasibility study of implementing an Ammonia Economy. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Graduate College.

Composite Ammonia Fuel Battery Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 7 To Grid Air- Separation Unit Electrolyzer Non-Thermal Plasma Reactor NH 3 Storage NH 3 Splitter + H 2 Fuel Cell NH 3 Direct Fuel Cell Electrical Flow Mass Flow Renewable Energy NTP Target: 100 g NH3/kWh

Business Model Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 8 DEVELOPMENTAL STEPS – Performance-focused Research With university and industrial partners In our own lab – Operational Prototype (small scale) – 1 st -Tier Demonstration (750 kWh nominal) – Duty-Cycle Stabilization (outlast the alternatives) – Strategic Customer Installation (pilot)

Strategic Relationships Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 9 University Research: UMN, CalTech, UCI Laboratory Research: DOE National Labs, industry AASI: Stranded wind farm North Palm Springs Ammonia Fuel Association Testing Labs: Cal Poly, DOE Labs, WSU, (SoCoNexus?)

Competition Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 10 Capital Cost per Unit Power ($/kW) Capital Cost per Unit Energy ($/kWh output) (Cost / Capacity / Efficiency)

Hills to climb Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 11 Better catalysts IP: Patent filing and licensing Permitting Over-promised “green tech”

Use of Proceeds Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 12 PAST – Conoco Phillips Energy Prize – Sweat Equity (~$100K labor, $20K cash) NOW – $1,000 – Ammonia Fuel Conference 2015 – $7,000 – Parts for Bench top NTP Reactor Near-term – Storage for distributed systems and microgrids Longer-Term – Grid-scale renewable energy storage and recovery is a multi-million dollar development effort. – Improved NTP Catalyst – Direct Ammonia Fuel Cell

Thank You! Jack C. Swearengen Chief Scientist Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 13

Extra charts 14

15 Electric Power Distribution Today Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 15

The Future of Electric Power Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions Renewable Energy Grid Storage Microgrids for local and under-served markets Displacing costly and aging infrastructure 16

17 Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions Mix of Energy Sources Growing Renewable Energy Share Microgrids for local & under- served markets Displacing costly & aging infrastructure Smart Grid & Energy Storage 17

Energy storage The energy storage market in North America Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 18

Performance Economics Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 19 “Performance Economics” is the tech-hurdle of energy storage

The Ammonia Solution Ammonia is one Nitrogen atom and three Hydrogen atoms, NH 3. Ammonia can be synthesized from air and water. W2G is proposing a Non Thermal Plasma (NTP) reactor to synthesize Ammonia. Fuel cell technology can be adapted to recombine the three Hydrogen atoms with atmospheric Oxygen and recover the stored energy as electricity. Ammonia storage is easier/safer than Hydrogen gas. The Ammonia cycle is carbon free! Aethera WindtoGreen LLC Renewable energy solutions 20