 13, ,500 B.C.E. = peopling of North America  Earliest Americans= Paleo-Indians  Extinction of mammoths, mega bison = change in lifestyle for Paleo-Indians  Consequences:  Hunting smaller animals  Focus more on forging local resources  Leads to more diversity among groups, had to adapt to unique environments  10,000 – 4000 B.C.E. transition to Archaic Indians  Still migrated following food, few exceptions  Difference:  Use of stone tools (food preparation)  4000 B.C.E. shift to agriculture  Major change to permanent settlements  Southwest cultivating Maize by 3500 B.C.E.

 Effects of Climate Shift  Shift from Paleo-Indian ways to Archaic  Experimentation with agriculture  Consequences of Farming  Shift to year-round villages  Major transformations in societies who people cultivated crops as primary source of food  Example: Plains Indians vs. Eastern Woodlands  Development of Native American culture  See Chart / North America  Native American ties  communal use and control of resources  Reciprocity: give/take, balance among people  Common use of bow/arrow, production of ceramic pottery, similar rituals for burial of dead  Preference for independent, kin-based communities  Conformity and close cooperation, strong sense of order  Customs: used to reinforce conformity  Respect came from providing for people not by force  Belief that nature was alive, spiritual sense  Strong sense of interdependence  Mesoamerica/South America  Breeding of crops lead to development of large urban centers  Eventually formed chiefdoms with hereditary rulers  C.E. 1 = states with centralized, hierarchical power rose  Mayans, Aztecs

SouthwestAlaskaCaliforniaEastern Woodlands Farming- 400 B.C.E. -intro of drought resistant maize -increased population No farming -fishing/ hunting/ gathering No farming -salmon -acorns Developed complex political organization before farming -on floodplains of Mississippi Hohokam : 3 rd c. B.C.E. Farmed Arizona Built elaborate canals Inuits and Aleuts: Adapted to environment and landscapes -bow/arrow -Ceramic pottery Competition for acorns led to defining territorial boundaries more rigidly and more intricate political, economic, and religious organization Adena : 1200 B.C.E. -Moundbuilders, Poverty Pt -Ohio Valley -1 st c. B.C.E. developed into Hopewell -Wider area, more complex centers, trade -Abandoned 5 th c. C.E. Anasazi: 10 th -12 th c. C.E. -built towns, controlled rainwater, turquoise industry -drought= decline Mississippian: 7 th c. C.E. -first full-time farmers -combined Hopewell culture and ideas from Mexico -massive trade -huge urban centers (Cahokia) 13 th c. C.E. = decline *end of political centralization

 12 th -15 th centuries C.E.  Massive trade  Mediterranean trade  Europe/Asia/Africa  Bubonic plague  Reduced population and food supply  New ideology/ taking risks  Scientific/technological advances  Printing press  Maritime advances  Religion  Spread of Christianity  Renaissance  Ancient Greek/ Romans  Mapping  Prince Henry the Navigator  Little Ice Age  Monarchs/Imperialism  New nation-states  Crave resources/wealth  Solidify power

 Population stats vary  1/3 lived in Mississippi valley  Low population density  Abundant resources (enough for everyone)  Major Differences b/w Indians and Europeans  Indians lacked  Wheels, sailing ships, domesticated animals, use of metals other than copper  No sense of land ownership, not motivated by wealth/power  Rough equality (men/women, rich/poor)