Brookhaven Science Associates The Future of RHIC Quark Matter 2005, Budapest Samuel Aronson, BNL August 8, 2005 ► Past & present – ► Near-term future – ► Longer-term future – Quark Matter 2005, Budapest Samuel Aronson, BNL August 8, 2005 ► Past & present – ► Near-term future – ► Longer-term future –

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 2 STAR 7 coupled accelerators Nucleus –nucleus collider from GeV/nucleon Symmetric or asymmetric species Polarized p-p collisions up to 0.5TeV Both capabilities unique world-wide

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 3 RHIC – a Uniquely Flexible High Luminosity Collider (Nucleon-pair luminosity A 1 A 2 L allows comparison of different species) Luminosity increased by 2 orders of magnitude in 4 years. RHIC nucleon-pair luminosity delivered to PHENIX

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 4 Integrated luminosity 100 GeV/u  *=0.85m (0.89m)  *=2.6m  *=3.0m Cu-cu cross section measured at 2.6 barn access + snowstorm power dip+ access access + equipment failures calendar time at store: 52%

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 5 Delivered Luminosity (Physics Weeks) Summary of RHIC Runs 1-5

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 6 RHIC Program Accomplishments ► Five spectacularly successful annual runs  Physics discoveries: a new state of matter, “perfect liquid”  Scores of refereed papers, thousands of citations  Machine performance meeting and exceeding goals ► Recently published peer-reviewed retrospectives on the first 3 years of heavy ion physics  Nuclear Physics A757 (in print today 8 August 2005)  Online  Where are we in the discovery phase? ► Large new Au+Au and Cu+Cu samples (Runs 4 & 5) ► Many new results from these here in Budapest ► Five spectacularly successful annual runs  Physics discoveries: a new state of matter, “perfect liquid”  Scores of refereed papers, thousands of citations  Machine performance meeting and exceeding goals ► Recently published peer-reviewed retrospectives on the first 3 years of heavy ion physics  Nuclear Physics A757 (in print today 8 August 2005)  Online  Where are we in the discovery phase? ► Large new Au+Au and Cu+Cu samples (Runs 4 & 5) ► Many new results from these here in Budapest

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 7 DiscoveriesDiscoveries ► We’ve learned we can do definitive studies of QCD at very high energy density in the laboratory! ► These measurements tell us the following about the matter produced at RHIC:  Energy density > 15 GeV/fm 3, T ~ 200 MeV ► Sufficient to induce phase transitions ► Consistent with production from initial state with gluon saturation  Extraordinary parton energy loss ► ~Opaque to partons, ~transparent to leptons and photons  Thermalizes extremely rapidly, highly collective motion ► Consistent with zero viscosity hydrodynamic models ► “Perfect liquid”  Consistent with a strongly coupled plasma of quarks & gluons ► We’ve learned we can do definitive studies of QCD at very high energy density in the laboratory! ► These measurements tell us the following about the matter produced at RHIC:  Energy density > 15 GeV/fm 3, T ~ 200 MeV ► Sufficient to induce phase transitions ► Consistent with production from initial state with gluon saturation  Extraordinary parton energy loss ► ~Opaque to partons, ~transparent to leptons and photons  Thermalizes extremely rapidly, highly collective motion ► Consistent with zero viscosity hydrodynamic models ► “Perfect liquid”  Consistent with a strongly coupled plasma of quarks & gluons

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 8 A vision of the future of RHIC: “QCDLab” ► Discoveries at RHIC  Compelling QCD questions:  The nature of confinement  The structure of quark-gluon matter above T C  The low-x and spin structure of hadronic matter ► Compelling questions  evolution of the Facility  10-fold increase in luminosity (to 40 x design) ► full energy  New detector capabilities  50-fold increase in lattice gauge computing power applied to finite temperature QCD  eRHIC: e-A and polarized e-p collisions, new detector ► Discoveries at RHIC  Compelling QCD questions:  The nature of confinement  The structure of quark-gluon matter above T C  The low-x and spin structure of hadronic matter ► Compelling questions  evolution of the Facility  10-fold increase in luminosity (to 40 x design) ► full energy  New detector capabilities  50-fold increase in lattice gauge computing power applied to finite temperature QCD  eRHIC: e-A and polarized e-p collisions, new detector RHIC II

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 9 Compelling questions ► The nature of confinement  What is the nature of the phase transition?  Is chiral symmetry restored? ► The structure of quark-gluon matter above T C  How does the thermodynamic character of the collision evolve so rapidly from the initial state?  What are the properties of the medium? ► The low-x and spin structure of hadronic matter  Is the initial state a Color Glass Condensate?  What is the spin structure and dynamics inside the proton? ► The nature of confinement  What is the nature of the phase transition?  Is chiral symmetry restored? ► The structure of quark-gluon matter above T C  How does the thermodynamic character of the collision evolve so rapidly from the initial state?  What are the properties of the medium? ► The low-x and spin structure of hadronic matter  Is the initial state a Color Glass Condensate?  What is the spin structure and dynamics inside the proton?

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 10 Key measurements ► Hard probes (high p T, heavy quarks): sensitive to how the medium is created  jets  hidden charm & bottom  open charm & bottom ► Electromagnetic probes (real & virtual  s): information about the medium’s early properties  Low-mass e + e − pairs  Thermal radiation ► Polarized protons  W-production at  s=500GeV ► Hard probes (high p T, heavy quarks): sensitive to how the medium is created  jets  hidden charm & bottom  open charm & bottom ► Electromagnetic probes (real & virtual  s): information about the medium’s early properties  Low-mass e + e − pairs  Thermal radiation ► Polarized protons  W-production at  s=500GeV STAR Preliminary

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 11 Near and mid term: ► The big science questions for the field in this period are clear ► The bulk of US heavy ion effort will be directed to evolving and operating RHIC ► LHC will begin to produce results some time in this period ► The big science questions for the field in this period are clear ► The bulk of US heavy ion effort will be directed to evolving and operating RHIC ► LHC will begin to produce results some time in this period

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 12 Upgrades High T QCD…. QGP SpinLow-x PHENIX e+e- heavy jet quarkonia flavor tomog. flavor tomog. W ΔG/G Hadron blind detector Vertex Tracker Muon Trigger Forward cal. (NCC) X X X O O O O O O O XXOOX STAR Time of Flight (TOF) MicroVtx (HFT) Forward Tracker Forward Cal (FMS) DAQ 1000 O X O O X O X X X X O O X X O X X X O O O O XO RHIC Luminosity O O X X O O O X upgrade critical for success O upgrade significantly enhances program A. Drees RHIC Upgrade: overview

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 13 FY 2006 FY 2007 FY 2008 FY 2009 FY 2010 FY 2011 FY 2012 TOF and VTX construction; Muon trigger + “Small” upgrades: HBD, FMS, DAQ STAR HFT & PHENIX FVTX Next Generation Detector Upgrades STAR Forward/Inner Tracker System PHENIX Inner Tracker and Nosecone Cal Other approaches? RHIC Accelerator & Detector R&D LHC Heavy Ion Program Detector Upgrades Timeline EBIS construction RHIC II: construction operation Strawman schedule: depends on funding (TBD)* *Target for presenting a plan to DOE: January 2006

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 14 RHIC vs. LHC LHC is not a replacement for RHIC - they complement each other ► Collision Energy  RHIC probes high energy density at y~0. The initial state (CGC) is probed at forward rapidity (low x)  LHC’s higher energies make high p T jets and heavy quarks more accessible. CGC is accessible at all rapidities ► Dedicated, flexible facility  RHIC provides exploration vs. system size and energy, in hot and cold nuclear matter + p-p in the same detector. EBIS will expand the A-range and extend to U  At RHIC QCD is the prime objective ► Unique capabilities with a future  Unique spin program aimed at some of the biggest hadron physics problems. There is a path forward leading to a polarized DIS collider facility (eRHIC) ► Issues for the US in the LHC era  The US program has great momentum and excellent teams to do the physics and train the next generation  Just beginning to reap the benefits of a massive investment (people & equipment)  The US RHI community will also work at LHC LHC is not a replacement for RHIC - they complement each other ► Collision Energy  RHIC probes high energy density at y~0. The initial state (CGC) is probed at forward rapidity (low x)  LHC’s higher energies make high p T jets and heavy quarks more accessible. CGC is accessible at all rapidities ► Dedicated, flexible facility  RHIC provides exploration vs. system size and energy, in hot and cold nuclear matter + p-p in the same detector. EBIS will expand the A-range and extend to U  At RHIC QCD is the prime objective ► Unique capabilities with a future  Unique spin program aimed at some of the biggest hadron physics problems. There is a path forward leading to a polarized DIS collider facility (eRHIC) ► Issues for the US in the LHC era  The US program has great momentum and excellent teams to do the physics and train the next generation  Just beginning to reap the benefits of a massive investment (people & equipment)  The US RHI community will also work at LHC &&

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 15 Long term: ► eRHIC  Added e+A and polarized e+p capabilities  New detector, augmented user community  A+A, p+A, polarized p+p still available  Construction possible ► eRHIC  Added e+A and polarized e+p capabilities  New detector, augmented user community  A+A, p+A, polarized p+p still available  Construction possible

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 16 Scientific Frontiers for eRHIC ► Partonic matter under extreme conditions  Large “A” at RHIC : very high gluon densities  Saturation/Color Glass Condensate ► Role of partons in nuclei  Confinement in nuclei  Hadronization in nuclear media ► Nucleon structure and spin  Role of quarks & gluons in nucleons  Issues of confinement, low-x & DVCS… ► Partonic matter under extreme conditions  Large “A” at RHIC : very high gluon densities  Saturation/Color Glass Condensate ► Role of partons in nuclei  Confinement in nuclei  Hadronization in nuclear media ► Nucleon structure and spin  Role of quarks & gluons in nucleons  Issues of confinement, low-x & DVCS…

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 17 eRHIC at BNL High energy, high intensity polarized e  (and e + ) beams to collide with existing heavy ion and polarized proton beams + A new detector for e-p & e-A physics = Precision tool to probe fundamental and universal aspects of QCD High energy, high intensity polarized e  (and e + ) beams to collide with existing heavy ion and polarized proton beams + A new detector for e-p & e-A physics = Precision tool to probe fundamental and universal aspects of QCD E e = 10 GeV (~5-10 GeV) TO BE BUILT E p = 250 GeV (~ GeV) EXISTS E A = 100 GeV/A (~ GeV/A) EXISTS E e = 10 GeV (~5-10 GeV) TO BE BUILT E p = 250 GeV (~ GeV) EXISTS E A = 100 GeV/A (~ GeV/A) EXISTS

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 18 eRHIC & Other DIS Facilities ► First polarized DIS collider – new kinematic region ► Variable energy, high luminosity: L ep ~ cm -2 sec -1 ► Polarization of e,p and light ion beams ~ 70% ► Ion species from p to U  high gluon densities TESLA-N eRHIC Jlab12GeV

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 19 eRHIC design concepts simpler IR design multiple IRs possible E e ~ 20 GeV possible more expensive simpler IR design multiple IRs possible E e ~ 20 GeV possible more expensive Standard ring-ring designAlternative linac-ring design Schematic HERA-III type detector concept

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 20 RHIC priorities and challenges ► e-cooling – enabling technology for the RHIC luminosity upgrade and for eRHIC  R&D getting funding from a variety of sources  New opportunities to make it cheaper and simpler ► Some major hurdles for QCD Lab  Convince the community and NSAC LRP of science  Establish priority relative to other future NP facilities  Funding – construction & operating are not cheap ► Great opportunity, but will require a lot of work on many fronts ► e-cooling – enabling technology for the RHIC luminosity upgrade and for eRHIC  R&D getting funding from a variety of sources  New opportunities to make it cheaper and simpler ► Some major hurdles for QCD Lab  Convince the community and NSAC LRP of science  Establish priority relative to other future NP facilities  Funding – construction & operating are not cheap ► Great opportunity, but will require a lot of work on many fronts

Brookhaven Science Associates Quark Matter 2005, Budapest 21 QCD Lab A. Drees, A. Deshpande