1. RHIC Mid-Term Strategic Plan Science Outlook, Upgrades, Resources T. Ludlam, July 24, 2006 QCD Collider Laboratory Mid Term Plan Brookhaven Science Associates U.S. Department of Energy

2. Overview/Summary The Mid-Term Strategic Plan is a roadmap for RHIC facility operations, R&D, and upgrades for the period 2006 – 2011  Leading to RHIC II  Setting the stage for eRHIC It is a resource loaded plan. The schedule is driven by: Scientific priorities and productivity Technical readiness A committed scientific workforce The research addresses fundamental questions of broad significance: What are the phases of QCD matter? What is the wave function of the proton? What is the wave function of a heavy nucleus? What is the nature of non-equilibrium processes in a fundamental theory?

3. The Science: Where do we stand now? QCD at high temperature and density: QGP … sQGP QCD at high energy and low x: Physics of strong color fields QCD and the structure of hadrons: What is the origin of nucleon spin? A new state of matter has been observed, with extraordinary properties. We want to understand its behavior, its properties, its origins, and it’s relationship to fundamental natural phenomena. First measurements of hadronic spin interactions have been made, in the high- energy regime where perturbative QCD interactions can be used to measure non- perturbative spin structure. RHIC is poised to exploit absolutely unique opportunities to determine how the spin of the proton emerges from its seemingly complex QCD structure.

4. Two Major Experiments to probe the Early Universe With thanks to Tetsuo Hatsuda WMAP RHIC

5. Basic questions regarding the hottest, densest matter ever observed What is the nature of the phase transition between the new matter and final-state hadrons? Is there direct evidence for deconfinement? How does the thermodynamic character of the new matter evolve from the zero-entropy initial state? How does the medium thermalize so quickly? What are the transport properties of this medium? Are there resonant states, as in high-density EM plasmas? What is the screening length? Is chiral symmetry restored, as predicted by QCD? Is the Color Glass Condensate a correct description of the initial state? RHIC II Science workshops, 2004 - 2005

6. We have learned to utilize elemental QCD processes generated in the collisions themselves, such as… formation and transport of heavy quarks, and quarkonium bound states fragmenting jets from high energy partons high energy photons collective flow & anisotropy in the radiation fields emitted from an expanding hot volume of QCD matter Typically these are rare probes: Future progress requires well-defined improvements in detector capability and machine performance. Addressing the Basic Questions

7. The Facility: Where Do We Stand Now? Four Detectors Two Large Detectors Enhanced Luminosity Goals for Next Few Years: Au – Au Luminosity goal (200 GeV/nucleon) : 8  10 26 cm -2 s -1 (4x design) p-p Luminosity goal (200 GeV): 6 x 10 31 cm -2 s -1 p-p Luminosity goal (500 GeV) : 1.5  10 32 cm -2 s -1 16x design EBIS Construction: CD-1 in place; CD-2 in 2006. Operational in 2010 Short-term detector upgrades underway Facility Operation Systematic species and energy scans This has proved crucial! Constrained Budgets Balance between Running RHIC and investment in upgrades Significant funding from non-DOE sources Dramatic progress in polarized proton performance The goal for RHIC II: an additional ~10x increase in Au-Au luminostiy. Annual data samples >20 nb -1 Polarization approaching 70%

8. RHIC II Luminosity Upgrade with Electron Cooling Gold collisions (100 GeV/n x 100 GeV/n): w/o e-coolingwith e-cooling Ave. store luminosity [10 26 cm -2 s -1 ] 8 70 Pol. Proton Collision (250 GeV x 250 GeV): Ave. store luminosity [10 32 cm -2 s -1 ] 1.5 5.0 R&D in Progress: proof-of-principle expected in 2006

9. RHIC Computing Facility... Data Transfer and processing from all four experiments. FY 2006 capacity  Mass Storage System: 5 StorageTek robotic tape silos ~7 PBytes 57 tape drives ~ 1.9 GB/Sec  CPU: 4300 CPU Intel/Linux processor farm ~4150 kSPECint2000 (~6 Tflops)  Central Disk: 250 Tbytes RAID 5 storage 3.0 Gbyte/sec disk I/O capacity 820 Tbytes distributed disk Initial investment: ~$8M Annual equip. funds of ~$2M for upgrades

10. Facility Use: Physics priorities, Run planning, Upgrades Major Planning Documents: Decadal Plans: PHENIX, STAR, PHOBOS, BRAHMS Submitted to BNL September, 2003 RHIC Twenty-Year Planning Study: Submitted to DOE January, 2004 Research Plan for Spin Physics at RHIC: Submitted to DOE January, 2005 Annual Beam Operations Scenarios: Beam Use Proposals from Experiments Updated collider performance projections from C-AD Documents on web at www.bnl.gov/henp p-p operation: Data collection goals from the RHIC Spin Plan, And C-AD projections. Mid-Term Strategic Plan February 2006 Advice from PAC (B. Jacak, Chair)

11. The RHIC Mid-Term Strategic Plan Phased implementation of key upgrades for PHENIX and STAR, plus EBIS, over the next 5-6 years. Annual data runs during this period will exploit these upgrades for critical advances in the Heavy Ion and Spin physics programs— Along with continued improvements in machine performance. The plan assumes an operations budget for RHIC at “constant effort” based on FY05, with incremental support to cover the additional power costs to allow a 30 week run each year. With the help of funding and collaborative resources outside of DOE, this strategy is realized with a sequence of MIE detector projects totaling ~$35M over 6 years. Two large detectors well equipped for RHIC II physics R&D to realize RHIC II luminosity upgrade (e-cooling) along technically-driven schedule

12. Major Physics Measurements Required Upgrades Spin: Complete initial  G/G measurement No upgrades needed Transverse spin measurements Forward particle measurement W measurements at 500 GeV Forward tracking/triggering upgrades Heavy Ion: e-pair mass spectrum “Hadron Blind” Dalitz pair rejection Open charm measurements in AA High Resolution vertex detection Charmonium Spectroscopy High luminosity; precision vertex, enhanced particle ID Jet Tomography High luminosity; increased acceptance; enhanced particle ID Gluon shadowing; low-x in d-Au particle detection at forward rapidity * DOE performance milestones set by NSAC PM: 2010 PM: 2012 PM: 2008 PM: 2013

13. PHENIX Upgrades Hadron Blind Detector Si Vertex Detector Nose Cone

14. Full Barrel Time-of- Flight system DAQ and TPC-FEE upgrade Forward Meson Spectrometer Integrated Tracking Upgrade HFT pixel detector Barrel silicon tracker Forward silicon tracker STAR Upgrades TPC Magnet Barrel EMC End Cap EMC Beam-Beam Counters Forward  o Det. Photon Mult. Det. FTPC’s VPD’s (TOF Start) ZDC

15. Low Mass e + e - Pairs Main Problem: Combinatorial background signal electron Cherenkov blobs partner positron needed for rejection e+e+ e-e-  pair opening angle Full scale prototype Engineering Run: Data taken in FY 06 spin run electrons hadrons Operational in FY 07 A Hadron Blind Detector for PHENIX

16. STAR DAQ 1000 Upgrade High-rate, high-luminosity capability for STAR Replace TPC readout with fully pipelined system, with >10x current data rate. Utilizes CERN chip developments for ALICE/LHC Development phase is complete Agreement to purchase chips is in final negotiotiations with CERN Partial implementation for FY 2008 run STAR MRPC Time of Flight Barrel: Flavor tagging at large p T 23,000 channels covering TPC & Barrel Calorimeter DOE MIE Project Construction begun December 2005 Operational for FY 2009 run

17. Precision Vertex Detectors: Direct Observation of Charm and Beauty STAR, Quark Matter’05 The observed suppression of non-photonic electrons is not understood. Attempts to reproduce it have completely changed the approach to energy loss in light and heavy quarks Highest possible suppression if bottom is appreciable (M. Djordjevic) Central Question: Relative yield of c and b Resolving this is a crucial next step

18. Precision Vertex Detectors Direct Observation of Charm and Beauty PHENIX VTX: Use existing pixel and strip technology Barrel– 4 layers, Si pixels and strips DOE MIE Project, funded in FY 07 Pres. Budget Operational for FY 09 run End Caps-- 4 layers Si mini-strips MIE project proposed for FY 08 start STAR Heavy Flavor Tracker: 2 layers CMOS Active Pixel sensors Significant funding from Japan Development project: 10  m pixels 50  m detector thickness Requires a pointing detector Install prototype in FY 2009

19. The STAR Silicon Vertex Tracker: SVT + SSD 1/p TPC +SSD +SVT 1,2,3 Pointing accuracy (cm.) vs. 1/p [62 GeV Cu-Cu data] 1/p Designed to enhance sensitivity to strange particles in Au-Au collisions (not charm & beauty) Its role was largely eclipsed by the surprisingly powerful TPC performance Much work to understand calibration and alignment of the detector: 2005 Cu Cu run Demonstrates a silicon inner tracker operating with its design performance specifications in heavy ion collisions at RHIC. Important experience, and confidence builder, for the proposed high-precision vertex detectors. SVT will be replaced in STAR by the proposed HFT.

20. Low-x Physics: Color Glass; gluon density Forward Upgrades.001 < x < 0.1 in Au-Au, d-Au PHENIX: Nose Cone Calorimeter STAR: Forward Meson Spectrometer U.S., Japanese, Russian, Czech Collaborators Existing Pb Glass Operational for FY 07 Run MIE project proposed for FY 2008 start

21. W Physics Upgrades STAR Forward Tracking Upgrade Heavy Flavor Tracker Inner Silicon Tracker Forward Silicon Tracker Forward discs or barrel. GEM or Si detectors PHENIX Muon Trigger Resistive Plate Chambers Funded by NSF Completion in FY 2009 Development underway: Expect final design to be reviewed by BNL in calendar 2006. Select and identify forward leptons from W  decay

22. UpgradesHigh T QCD…. QGPSpinLow-x PHENIX e+e- heavy jet quarkonia flavor tomog. W ΔG/G Hadron blind detector Vertex Tracker Muon Trigger Forward cal. (NCC)           STAR Time of Flight (TOF) MicroVtx (HFT) Forward Tracker Forward Cal (FMS) DAQ 1000 √ √√ √ √ √ √√ √√ √√ √ √ √√ √ RHIC Luminosity√ √ √√ √√√ √ RHIC Upgrades Overview  upgrade critical for success  upgrade significantly enhances program A. Drees 4/4/05

23. FY 2006FY 2007FY 2008FY 2009FY 2010FY 2011FY 2012 High statistics Au Au; 500 GeV Spin Runs Short-term upgrades: HBD, TOF, DAQ, FMS, Muon Trigger Mid-Term Upgrades: Vtx detectors, NCC, forward tracking RHIC II Construction Machine and detector R&D; continued luminosity improvements; eRHIC development A timeline for physics operation, detector upgrades, machine evolution LHC Heavy Ion Program Au-Au, d-Au, Ion scans pp 200 & pp 500 development EBIS

24. Driving factors that lead to the proposed schedule Scientific Priorities and Productivity New discoveries point to specific measurements that call for improved capability. Continued operation without these improvements reduces the scientific value and cost effectiveness of the program. The complementary, and competing, opportunities at LHC for HI research provide a strong argument for timely advances in the RHIC program. Technical Readiness Proposed upgrades take advantage of new technology, and a productive R&D effort. Workforce Availability The RHIC user community is large, is international, and is extremely productive Many are young and mid-career scientists who need to see a viable, long-term plan to pursue this attractive array of research opportunities

25. The Scientific Workforce for RHIC Total no. of users ~1000. How does this translate to FTEs working on STAR and PHENIX during the Mid-Term period? Completion of BRAHMS and PHOBOS Increasing commitments to LHC HI expts. (esp. in the U.S.) New groups joining STAR and PHENIX, with specific interest in upgrades STAR, PHENIX, and Spin collaborations have polled their membership, to determine the level of effort from each individual. For STAR, this is in the nature of a formal MOU with each institution. Result: Scientific commitment remains strong. PHENIX and STAR membership ~flat over next 5 years. At a detailed level, it is entirely sufficient to support the Mid-Term Plan.

26. Non-DOE Contributions to the upgrades

27. Estimated DOE costs for upgrades At-year dollars

28. RHIC Computing Facility Physical infrastructure is a serious, short-term issue. It is being addressed by the Laboratory. The five-year plan is based on the overall mid-term strategic plan. The concept of a scalable architecture for CPU, disk, and mass storage, with annual replacement of ~1/4 of the installed hardware has been successful to date. Algorithms for estimating the required resources, based on volumes of raw data collected, have worked well for flexible planning and cost estimates based on multi- year beam use plans. Efficiency of resource allocation across experiments has been improved. So far, Moore’s law has worked very well for us. Do not foresee a significant change in RCF architecture or labor costs through the mid-term period. Due to machine and detector upgrades, need for annual equipment replacement for RCF will increase from present level of $2M to $3M in 2011. Both detector collaborations make use of non-RCF computing resources for data simulation, and some processing.

30. The Need for RHIC II Luminosity Many of the critical measurements require enhanced luminosity: Powerful probes involve small cross sections Key to exploring large areas of the QCD phase diagram with multiple runs, varying beam energy and species. Quantitative discussion in RHIC II Science Working Group Reports: www.bnl.gov/physics/rhicIIscience Jet Tomography, with precision: Photon tagged jets: direct measure of parton energy loss in medium STAR: 15,000  - jet at 15 GeV with RHIC II in one year’s run 3-particle correlations at high Pt – multidimensional tomography Select gluon jets with J/  tag Tagged heavy quark jets – energy loss dependence on parton mass Charmonium and Bottomonium spectroscopy: Key to understanding color screening and deconfinement Lattice calculations predict a hierarchy of dissociation temperatures for heavy –onium states Need full spectroscopy to understand feed-down Two examples:

31. From the RHIC II Science Workshops, Compiled by Tony Frawley NA50 Pb-Pb ~200K events

32. LHC HI in the RHIC II Era LHC HI will extend the range of initial temperatures to higher values, allowing studies over a wider range of initial conditions, and possibly revealing entirely new phenomena. With RHIC II and LHC we explore High Temperature matter with a complementary set of experiments… Integrated luminosity per year is 36x larger at RHIC II than LHC for heavy ions. RHIC has developed precisely calibrated probes through extended data runs with a variety of beams and energies. Explore very different thermal environment in the two energy regimes, with a similar set of probes. Ln 1/x

33. Summary The Mid-Term Strategic Plan is a roadmap for RHIC facility operations, R&D, and upgrades for the period 2006 – 2011  Leading to RHIC II  Setting the stage for eRHIC It is a resource loaded plan. The schedule is driven by: Scientific priorities and productivity Technical readiness A committed scientific workforce The research addresses fundamental questions of broad significance: What are the phases of QCD matter? What is the wave function of the proton? What is the wave function of a heavy nucleus? What is the nature of non-equilibrium processes in a fundamental theory?