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By Dr. Abdel Aziz M. Hussein Lecturer of Medical Physiology

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Physiology Department 4

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AS Biology, Cell membranes and Transport 11

ept/physiology/default.htm ept/physiology/default.htm oups/ / oups/ / 12

Human Physiology Physiology ( /ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/) is the science of the function of living systems./ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/ This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 13

Human Physiology Human physiology is the science that is concerned with studying the normal functions of different parts or organs of human body The study of human physiology dates back to at least 420 B.C. and the time of HippocratesHippocrates The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece, while Claudius Galenus (c A.D.), known as Galen, was the first to use experiments to probe the function of the body.AristotleAncient GreeceGalen 14

Body composition 15

Body Composition 16

17 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein Composition of Human BodyComposition of Human Body Carbohydrates have little structural functions less than 0.5% (involved mainly in nutrition of the cell)

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Organization of Human Body The human body is made up of different systems e.g. digestive system, whose functions are coordinated and integrated together. Each system consists of many organs that made up of many tissues of complementary functions. Each tissue consists of millions of similar cells. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in the body Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein 20

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Cell Physiology 22

Types of Cells Eukaryotic cells Present in human, other multicellular animals and plants Surrounded by cell membrane Contains true nucleus surrounded by membrane Contain membrane –bound structures called organelles Prokaryotic cells Present in bacteria Surrounded by cell wall Its nucleus is not surrounded by membrane Lack of membranous structures 23

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Eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a limiting barrier, the plasma membrane, which covers the cell surface Plasma (cell) membrane allows selective communication between the intracellular and extracellular compartments and aids cellular movement 26 Eukaryotic Cells

27 Y Y F F X X Z Z Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Cell Membrane

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Other cell organelles performs specific function e.g. a.Ribosomes help in protein synthesis b.Mitochondria help in production of energy All of these functions contribute to the cell’s survival 29 Eukaryotic Cells

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Body Fluids 31

32 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein Body FluidsBody Fluids Body fluids are solutions of water containing; a)Organic molecules (carbon-containing molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) b)Inorganic molecules c)Ions (atoms with a net charge)

About 65% of total body weight i.e L in an adult weighing 70 Kg 33 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein Value of Body FluidsValue of Body Fluids

Body Fluids Compartments Body fluids divide into 2 main compartments; 34 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein ICF Fluid inside cells 2/3 of body fluids or 28 L ECF Fluid outside cells 1/3 of body fluids or 15 L

35 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein Body fluids ECF ICF ECF ICF

36 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein Extracellular Fluid Plasma Fluid inside blood vessels About L Interstitial fluid Fluid inbetween cells and lymph vessels About L Transcellular fluid Fluid in body cavities e.g. CSF About 1 L ECF is known as the internal environment that supplies the cells with nutrients and other substances

37 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein Extracellular Fluids Plasma interstitial fluid

38 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein Composition of Body Fluids The body fluids are composed of; 1.Water as a solvent 2.Solutes e.g. organic e.g. proteins and inorganic substances e.g. Na+, K+, and Cl- The concentrations of solutes are frequently expressed in moles, equivalents, or osmoles per unit volume (L)

39 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein Composition of Body Fluids Mole is the gram MW of a substance dissolved in 1 liter of water Osmole is the gram MW of a substance dissolved in 1 liter of water divided by the number of freely moving particles that each molecule liberates in solution For glucose, the number of particles is 1 For NaCl, the number of particles is 2

40 Glucose 180 gm /L or mole/LMole

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Osmole One osmole glucose solution= 180 gm/ 1 = 180 gm 42 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein One osmole NaCL solution= 23 gm gm = 58.5 gm /2 = gm NaCl

43 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein Composition of Body Fluids The charged particles or ions are 2 types; 1.Positive charged particles or Cations e.g. Na and K 2.Negative charged particles or Anions e.g. e.g. proteins and Cl- ECF contains large amounts of Na, chloride, HCO3, and Ca ions ICF contains large amounts of potassium, magnesium, phosphate, and proteins These differences are extremely important to the life of the cell

44 Biophysics, Abdelaziz Hussein Composition of Body Fluids Concentration in mmol/L Intracellular fluid Plasma Interstitial fluid Cations Na K+K Ca Anions Cl HCO Proteins16 g/dl7 g/dl2 g/dl

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46 INTRACELLULAR FLUID EXTRACELLULAR FLUID 1.ICF has more protein g/dl 1.low protein in Interstitial Fluid (2 g/dl) Protein present in Plasma (7 g/dl) 2. More Potassium ion (145 mmol / l) 2. Less Potassium ion (4 mmol / l) 3. Less Sodium ion (10 mmol / l) 3. More Sodium ion (145 mmol / l) 4. More Phosphate ion4. More Chloride ion

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