Objectives: Identify steps of cell cycle Catalyst: Make a T-chart for prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

TODAY I Present – you take down info I Present – you take down info Let’s Practice Together Let’s Practice Together –Two quick Practice Sheets –Utilizing selector tool Then you prove your knowledge!!!!! Then you prove your knowledge!!!!! –Whiteboards –Flipbook

How many cells do we begin with?

1

How do we get more? A: Go to Wal-Mart B: Mr. Land C: Cellular Division

process by which cells reproduce themselves CELL DIVISION

Cell Cycle The time it takes a cell to reproduce varies depending on cell type

CELLS & George Wythe Why would a cell divide? Why is the school divided by grade levels? How do cells get water and energy? Why must we have multiple lunch shifts?

All cells except sex cells produces cells with the exact same DNA and characteristics MITOSIS

Binary Fission  Bacteria replicate its chromosomes and then divides in two Budding  Little buds sprout from parent and then grow up – same chromosomes Sporulation  Fungi produces spores that are released into the air – same chromosomes

CELL CYCLE 2 Stages Cell Division Interphase

INTERPHASE

G1 PHASE “gap 1” Phase period when cell growth and development occur

S PHASE “synthesis” Phase DNA replication / synthesis occurs

G2 PHASE “gap 2” Phase when organelles needed in cell division are made (centrioles, spindle fibers)

CELL CYCLE 2 Stages Cell Division Interphase

Cell Division M Phase (Mitosis) CELL Division is composed of 2 separate stages Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) Back to Interphase

MNEMONIC DEVICE!!! REMEMBER!! What happens if Mr. Gibney drinks 4 bottles of gatorade and chills on the couch for an hour. He gets up and goes to the bathroom and is in such a hurry that he kinda misses. PMAT

PROPHASE METAPHASE ANOPHASE TELOPHASE

1. PROPHASE longest phase longest phase Chromosomes appear & attach to spindle Chromosomes appear & attach to spindle Nucleolus and nuclear membrane breaks down Nucleolus and nuclear membrane breaks down

2. METAPHASE Shortest phase Shortest phase Chromosomes line up at center of the cell Chromosomes line up at center of the cell

3. ANAPHASE Centromeres split Centromeres split Chromosomes separate to become individuals Chromosomes separate to become individuals Ends when the movement of chromosomes stops Ends when the movement of chromosomes stops

4. TELOPHASE Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin Nuclear membrane reforms Nuclear membrane reforms Spindle breaks apart Spindle breaks apart

Division of the cytoplasm of the cell CYTOKINESIS

Meiosis Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes Chromosomes exist in pairs called homologues Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes – Ex: all cells (skin, hair, eye) except for sex cells Haploid cells have one half the chromosomes – Ex: only sex cells

Sex cells are also called gametes Meiosis is the process by which sex cells make sure they have the right number of chromosomes Meiosis takes place in the gonads: testes and ovaries

Sex Chromosomes Women: Men: Many women ask why oh “y” XX Xy

Diploid!! Haploid or Diploid Haploid!!

Meiosis The process of cell division so that each new cell has 1/2 the number of chromosomes as the original.

MITOSIS MEIOSIS Cell Divides Once Results in 2 cells with 46 Chromosomes Cell Divides Twice Results in cells with 23 Chromosomes Makes 4 sperm cells or 1 egg cell

Stages of Meiosis The stages of Meiosis in order are: Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, and Telophase II Spermatogenesis – makes four sperm cells from each parent cell Oogenesis – makes one ovum and three polar bodies from each parent cell (polar bodies are discarded)

PRACTICE!!!!! I’ve Presented – you’ve taken down info Let’s Practice Together  Two quick Practice Sheets  Utilizing selector tool Then you prove your knowledge!!!!!  Whiteboards  Flipbook

WHITEBOARD PRACTICE POD Group Competitions

G1 PHASE This is the period when cell growth and development occur

CELL CYCLE 2 Stages ? Cell Division Interphase ?

S PHASE DNA replication / synthesis occurs Part of interphase

1. PROPHASE longest phase longest phase Chromosomes appear & attach to spindle Chromosomes appear & attach to spindle Nucleolus and nuclear membrane breaks down Nucleolus and nuclear membrane breaks down

G2 PHASE when organelles needed in cell division are made (centrioles, spindle fibers)

3. ANAPHASE Centromeres split Centromeres split Chromosomes separate to become individuals Chromosomes separate to become individuals Ends when the movement of chromosomes stops Ends when the movement of chromosomes stops

Cell Division CELL Division is composed of 2 separate stages Back to Interphase

2. METAPHASE Shortest phase Shortest phase Chromosomes line up at center of the cell Chromosomes line up at center of the cell

Division of the cytoplasm of the cell CYTOKINESIS

4. TELOPHASE Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin Nuclear membrane reforms Nuclear membrane reforms Spindle breaks apart Spindle breaks apart

Meiosis Humans have pairs of chromosomes For a total of chromosomes Chromosomes exist in pairs called Homologues

Sex Chromosomes Women: Men: Many women ask why oh “y” XX Xy

Diploid!! Haploid or Diploid Haploid!!

MITOSIS MEIOSIS Cell Divides Once Results in 2 cells with 46 Chromosomes Cell Divides Twice Results in cells with 23 Chromosomes Makes 4 sperm cells or 1 egg cell

Stages of Meiosis – makes four sperm cells from each parent cell – makes one ovum and three polar bodies from each parent cell (polar bodies are discarded) spermatogenesis oogenesis

THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIP Chromosome Gene Message Product (DNA) (mRNA) (protein)

Flipbook You have 9 cards First card = Flip book of Cellular Division plus your name Card 1 – G1 (write definition) - Interphase Card 2 – S Phase - Interphase, Card 3 – G2 - Interphase Card 4-8 – do phases of mitosis plus draw pictures

Cancer is a disease of cells and genes.

Navajo word for cancer translates as: The sore that will not heal. Per year in the United States alone: over 1.2 million new cases (150/hour) over ½ million deaths (25% of all deaths) more than $50 billion spent for healthcare about $15 billion spent for research

“Cigarette smoking is the most significant cause of lung cancer and the leading cause of lung cancer death in both men and women. Smoking is also responsible for most cancers of the larynx, oral cavity, and esophagus. In addition, it is highly associated with the development of and deaths from bladder, kidney, pancreatic, and cervical cancers.” National Cancer Institute

Cancer is a complex genetic disease caused primarily by environmental factors Note well: Note well: “genetic” is not the same as “inherited” (most cancers are not usually inherited)

Tumor = Neoplasm = Growing mass of cells 1) Benign 2) Malignant invasive metastatic

21_44_Tumors.jpg

21_42_metastasis.jpg

Transplantable keratoma BENIGN

Ameloblastoma

Adult viral-induced renal adenocarcinoma grafted to the back of a tadpole MALIGNANT

Carcinoma = epithelial Sarcoma = connective tissue or muscle Blood = leukemias Brain and Nerve

time Normal Malignant Hamster cells in tissue culture

Normal Cells Cancer Cells Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of cells growing in tissue culture

Human karyotype Normal Cancer

Human lung cancer cells in tissue culture have become multi-nucleate

Six features common to cancer cells from: Hanahan, D. and R.A. Weinberg (2000) “The Hallmarks of Cancer,” Cell 100: Self-sufficiency in growth signals or response 2. Insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals 3. Evasion of programmed cell death 4. Limitless replication potential 5. Sustained stimulation of blood vessel growth 6. Tissue invasion and metastasis Mainly: loss of control of cell division

Three probable causes of cancer 1. Defective DNA repair mechanisms 2. Transformation of a normal gene into an oncogene 3. Malfunction of a tumor suppressor gene

Healthy, dividing cell Damage to cell Damage control Stop cell division Assess damage Cellular repair Successful repair Return to Return to cell cycle cell cycle Failed repair Cancer Cancer Extensive damage Cell death modified from Biology of Cancer by R.W. Phillis and S. Goodwin

Cancer results from mutations, often environmentally induced, in genes that stimulate or suppress cell division and cell-to-cell signaling. These genes commonly code for transcription factors and other genetic control elements.

“While much is known about the science of cancer, its prevention depends largely, if not exclusively, on political action.” S. Epstein, University of Illinois Medical Center