4 chapter Business Essentials, 7 th Edition Ebert/Griffin The Global Context of Business Instructor Lecture PowerPoints PowerPoint Presentation prepared by Carol Vollmer Pope Alverno College

After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 1.Discuss the rise of international business and describe the major world marketplaces and trade agreements and alliances. 2.Discuss the factors involved in deciding to do business internationally. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 2

After reading this chapter, you should be able to: 4.Describe how social, cultural, economic, legal, and political differences among nations affect international business. L E A R N I N G O B J E C T I V E S (cont’d) © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

What’s in It for Me? By understanding the material discussed in this chapter, you’ll be better prepared to: 1.Understand how global forces affect you as a customer 2.Understand how globalization affects you as an employee 3.Assess how global opportunities and challenges can affect you as a business owner and as an investor © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 4

Discussion Describe some of the ways in which social, cultural, economic, legal, and political differences among nations affect international business? 5

The Contemporary Global Economy Globalization – The process by which the world’s various national economies and trading systems are fast becoming a single, highly interdependent system Exports: Domestically produced products sold in foreign markets Imports: Foreign products sold in domestic markets © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

The Major World Marketplaces Distinctions Based on Wealth 1.High-income countries: per capita income is greater than $11,115 dollars per year. 2.Upper middle-income countries: per capita income is between $3,595 and $11,115 per year. 3.Low middle-income countries: per capita income is between $905 and $3,595 per year. 4.Low-income countries: per capita income is less than $905 per year. Geographic Clusters: North America- Europe- Pacific Asia © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 7

Trade Agreements and Alliances Significant Agreements and Treaties – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Includes Canada, Mexico and the United States. The trade agreement increases direct foreign investment, increases exports and imports and creates jobs. It also eliminates most tariffs and duties between the three countries. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

Trade Agreements and Alliances Significant Agreements and Treaties – European Union (EU) This union includes most European nations, but notably absent is Switzerland. The effects of this trade union is a common currency, elimination of quotas, removal of trade barriers, and sets uniform tariffs on internally traded EU imports and exports. It also allows its citizen members to travel between member nations without visas. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

Trade Agreements and Alliances Significant Agreements and Treaties – Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) This association was formed in 1967 and its purpose is to allow economic, political, social and cultural cooperation among its partner countries. In 1995, Vietnam became the group's first Communist member. ASEAN association does not have as large an impact on the world economy as NAFTA and EU countries. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

FIGURE 4.1 The Nations of the European Union © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 11

FIGURE 4.2 The Nations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 12

Trade Agreements and Alliances (cont’d) Significant Agreements and Treaties – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): Signed after World War II. Its purpose was to reduce or eliminate trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas. – World Trade Organization (WTO) Began on January 1, 1995 Goals: 1.Promote trade by encouraging members to adopt fair trade practices. 2.Reduce trade barriers by promoting multilateral negotiations. 3.Establish fair procedures for resolving disputes among members. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

Import-Export Balances Balance of Trade – The total economic value of all the products that a country exports minus the economic value of all the products that it imports Trade Surplus – A positive balance of trade that results when a country exports more than it imports Trade Deficit – A negative balance of trade that results when a country imports more than it exports © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 14

FIGURE 4.3 U.S. Imports and Exports © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

FIGURE 4.4 U.S. Trade Deficit © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 16

Import-Export Balances (cont’d) Balance of Payments – The flow of money into or out of a country The money that a country pays for imports and receives for exports—its balance of trade—comprises much of its balance of payments Exchange Rate – The rate at which the currency of one nation can be exchanged for that of another Fixed exchange rates Floating exchange rates © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

Exchange Rates Impact Global Trade When an economy’s currency is strong: – Domestic companies find it harder to export products – Foreign companies find it easier to import products – Domestic companies may move production to cheaper production sites in foreign countries Implications for the balance of trade? Buying petrol from Egypt: 10 letters = 10 E pounds= 7 shekels. If E pound improve to 0.8 means 10 letters=8 shekels. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 18

Forms of Competitive Advantage Absolute Advantage – When a country can produce something that is cheaper and/or of higher quality than any other country – An advantage based on possessing a scarce resource (e.g., oil, Coffee production in Brazil) or favorable physical location Comparative Advantage – When a country can produce goods more efficiently or better than other countries can produce the same goods – An advantage based on superior productivity (e.g., technologically advanced manufacturing capability) © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

Forms of Competitive Advantage (cont’d) National Competitive Advantage – Conditions favoring heavy involvement in international business: 1.Factor conditions—labor, capital, entrepreneurs, physical resources, and information resources 2.Demand conditions—a large domestic consumer base that promotes strong demand for innovative products 3.Related and supporting industries—strong local or regional suppliers and/or industrial customers 4.Strategies, structures, and rivalries—domestic firms and industries that stress cost reduction, product quality, higher productivity, and innovative products © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 20

Does It Make Sense to Go International? Copyright ©2003 Prentice Hall, Inc YES Is there international demand for the firm’s product? NO Stay Domestic Can the product be modified to fit a foreign market? NO YES Is the foreign business climate suited to imports? NO Does the firm have or can it get the necessary skills and knowledge to do business abroad? YES NO YES Go International 21

International Business Management Going International – Gauging International Demand Foreign demand for a company’s product may be greater than, the same as, or weaker than domestic demand – Adapting to Customer Needs A firm must decide whether and how to adapt its products to meet the special demands of foreign customers – Outsourcing Paying suppliers and distributors to perform certain business processes or to provide needed materials or services – Offshoring Outsourcing of production processes to foreign countries. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 22

Levels of International Involvement Exporters: Make products in one country to distribute and sell in others Importers: Buy products in foreign markets and bring them home for resale International firms: Conduct much of their business abroad and may maintain overseas manufacturing facilities. E.g., Hershey which buys chocolate from different locations but manufactures all in the U.S. Multinational firms: Design, produce, and market products in many nations. E.g., Nestle produces and sells in many nations © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

International Organization Structures of firm’s operations Independent Agent – A foreign individual or organization that represents an exporter in foreign markets. – These people have the advantage of knowing the local market, operating in the market, but also may represent other competitive brands. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 24

International Organization Structures of firm’s operations Licensing Arrangements (or Agreements) – Domestic firms give foreign individuals or companies exclusive rights to manufacture or market their products in that market. Branch Offices – A firm sends its own managers to overseas branch offices so that it will have more direct control than it does over agents or license holders © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 25

International Organization Structures (cont’d) Strategic Alliance (or Joint Venture) – A company finds a partner firm in the country in which it wants to do business – Each party agrees to invest resources and capital into a new business or to cooperate in some mutually beneficial way Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) – Involves buying or establishing tangible assets in another country © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 26

International Organizational Structures Foreign Investment Strategic Alliances Branch Offices Licensing Arrangements Independent Agents INVOLVEMENT HIGH LOW

Barriers to International Trade Social and Cultural Differences Economic Differences Legal and Political Differences © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 28

Take Time to Learn the Culture Thoroughly! Este es nuestro nuevo auto: el NOVA! Ha, ha, ha, ha, ha, ha!!!

Cultural and social differences A.include language, social values, and traditional buying patterns. Whether differences are obvious or subtle, ignorance of them can be embarrassing and expensive. B.The classic example: General Motors introduced the Chevy Nova in Spanish speaking countries— where “no va” means “doesn’t go.” C.The original translation of the Intel Pentium IV computer chip in Korean was “chip of death.” (!!!) D.Discussion: identify other examples from your personal experience.

The Customer’s Language A Critical Business Success Factor A.In the U.S. alone, 18% of the population does not speak English at home. B.Only 48% of the world’s Web users are native English speakers. C.Consumers are four times more likely to buy a product on the Internet if the website is in their preferred language. Source: Time Global Business, Nov. 2001

Economic Differences To operate effectively in another country, businesses must know when, and to what extent, the government is involved in a given industry. (role of government)

Legal and Political Differences Quotas, Embargoes, Tariffs, and Subsidies – Quota: Restricts the number of products of a certain type that can be imported, raising the prices of those imports – Embargo: Government order forbidding exportation and/or importation of a product or all products from a specific country – Tariffs: Taxes on imported products – Subsidy: Government payment to help a domestic business compete with foreign firms Protectionism – The practice of protecting domestic business at the expense of free market competition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 33

Legal and Political Differences (cont’d) Local Content Laws – Requirements that products sold in a country be at least partly made there. E.g., write made in U.S Business Practice Laws – Host countries govern business practices within their jurisdictions Cartels – Associations of producers that control supply and prices, such as the oil cartel Dumping – Selling a product abroad for less than the cost of production at home © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 34

Homework Page 61: answer the questions