Interest Grabber Local Conditions Section 4-1 Local Conditions How would you describe your climate, or the average, year-after-year conditions of temperature and precipitation where you live? Does your area receive a great deal of precipitation—rain and snow—or is your area very dry?

Interest Grabber continued Section 4-1 1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so, how often does this occur? 2. When does the area in which you live have the highest temperatures? About how high is the highest temperature? 3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the others? 4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall you can remember? 5. What are two factors that may affect climate?

Section Outline 4–1 The Role of Climate A. What Is Climate? B. The Greenhouse Effect C. The Effect of Latitude on Climate D. Heat Transport in the Biosphere

The Greenhouse Effect Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse Section 4-1 Sunlight Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface

Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes Figures 4-1 and 4-2 Heating of the Earth’s Surface and Some Factors That Affect Climate Section 4-1 Greenhouse Effect Different Latitudes 90°N North Pole Sunlight Sunlight 66.5°N Arctic circle Some heat escapes into space Sunlight Tropic of Cancer 23.5°N Equator Most direct sunlight 0° Greenhouse gases trap some heat Tropic of Capricorn 23.5°S Sunlight Atmosphere Arctic circle 66.5°S Sunlight Earth’s surface 90°S South Pole

Interest Grabber Fitting In Section 4-2 Fitting In Organisms not only live together in ecological communities, but they also constantly interact with one another. These interactions, which include predation and competition, help shape the ecosystem in which they live. 1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation. 2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition.

Section Outline 4–2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? A. Biotic and Abiotic Factors B. The Niche C. Community Interactions 1. Competition 2. Predation 3. Symbiosis D. Ecological Succession 1. Primary Succession 2. Secondary Succession 3. Succession in a Marine Ecosystem

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Section 4-2 Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors ECOSYSTEM

Figure 4-5 Three Species of Warblers and Their Niches Section 4-2 Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches Spruce tree

Interest Grabber Who’s There? Section 4-3 Who’s There? If you have ever been to a zoo or a botanical garden, you may have noticed that the signs that identify the animals or plants also identify the part of the world where these organisms are found. Different kinds of animals and plants are found in different parts of the world.

Interest Grabber continued Section 4-3 1. Describe the climate where you live. 2. What types of plant and animal life are found in your area? Describe a few of the major characteristics of these organisms. 3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate that was very different from the climate you now live in. How would the plant and animal life in this new area be different from the plant and animal life where you live now?

Section Outline 4–3 Biomes A. Biomes and Climate B. The Major Biomes C. Other Land Areas 1. Mountain Ranges 2. Polar Ice Caps

Compare/Contrast Table Section 4-3 Ten Major Biomes Biome Precipitation Temperature Soil Diversity Trees Grasses Tropical Rain Forest high hot poor dense sparse Tropical Dry Forest variable mild rich moderate medium Tropical Savanna clay Desert low Temperate Grassland summer hot absent Temperate woodland and Shrubland summer low, winter moderate Temperate Forest summer moderate, winter cold Northwestern Coniferous Forest summer mild, winter cold rocky, acidic Boreal Forest summer mild, winter cool poor, acidic Tundra summer mild, winter cold

Figure 4-11 The World’s Major Land Biomes Section 4-3 Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Northwestern coniferous forest Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Boreal forest (Taiga)

Interest Grabber Ride the Waves Section 4-4 Ride the Waves The marine ecosystem that is exposed to regular and extreme changes in its surroundings is the intertidal zone. During high tide, the intertidal zone is covered by sea water. During low tide, this area is exposed to air, sunlight, and heat.

Interest Grabber continued Section 4-4 1. What types of organisms would you expect to find living in the intertidal zone? 2. What characteristics do you think these organisms have that enable them to live in this zone? 3. What effect do waves have on the intertidal zone?

Section Outline 4–4 Aquatic Ecosystems A. Freshwater Ecosystems 1. Flowing-Water Ecosystems 2. Standing-Water Ecosystems 3. Freshwater Wetlands B. Estuaries C. Marine Ecosystems 1. Intertidal Zone 2. Coastal Ocean 3. Coral Reefs 4. Open Ocean 5. Benthic Zone

Freshwater Pond Ecosystem Section 4-4 Spoonbill Frogs lay eggs in the shallow water near shore.The eggs hatch in the water as tadpoles and move to the land as adults. The shore is lined with grasses that provide shelter and nesting places for birds and other organisms. The roots of water lilies cling to the pond bottom, while their leaves, on long flexible stems, float on the surface. The bottom of the pond is inhabited by decomposers and other organisms that feed on particles drifting down from the Fish share the pond with turtles and other animals. Many of them feed on insects at the water’s edge. Plankton and the organisms that feed on them live near the surface where there is enough sunlight for photosynthesis. Microscopic algae are among the most important producers. Duck Water lilies Frog Dragonfly Mosquito larvae Duckweed Phytoplankton Snail Pickerel Diving beetle Trout Hydra Crayfish Snail Benthic crustaceans

Figure 4-17 Zones of a Marine Ecosystem Section 4-4 land Photic zone 200m Coastal ocean 1000m Open ocean 4000m Aphotic zone 6000m Ocean trench 10,000m Continental shelf Continental slope and continental rise Abyssal plain

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Go Online Career links on forestry technicians Interactive test For links on climate and the greenhouse effect, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-2041. For links on biomes, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-2043. For links on aquatic ecosystems, go to www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-2044. Internet

Interest Grabber Answers 1. When does the area in which you live experience the lowest temperatures? Does the temperature ever get below freezing? If so, how often does this occur? 2. When does the area in which you live have the highest temperatures? About how high is the highest temperature? 3. How often does it rain where you live? Is one season rainier than the others? 4. Does it ever snow where you live? If so, what is the heaviest snowfall you can remember? Question 1–4:Answers will vary depending on local conditions. If students have lived in a different part of the country, you may wish to have them contrast the climate in that area with the local climate. 5. What are two factors that may affect climate? Possible answers: latitude, wind, ocean currents, shape and elevation of land masses Section 1 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers 1. Based on your own experiences, define predation. Give one example of predation. Predation is an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Some examples of predation: a hawk captures and feeds on a rabbit; a cat captures and feeds on a mouse. 2. Based on your own experiences, define competition. Give one example of competition. Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. Some examples of competition: crop plants and weeds compete for food, water, and sunlight; wolves and foxes compete for the same food (rabbits). Section 2 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers 1. Describe the climate where you live. 2. What types of plant and animal life are found in your area? Describe a few of the major characteristics of these organisms. Questions 1–2: Answers will vary depending on the part of the country in which students live. 3. Suppose that you had to move to an area with a climate that was very different from the climate you now live in. How would the plant and animal life in this new area be different from the plant and animal life where you live now? Sample answer: If the new climate were much colder, animals would probably have thicker fur. Plants would have shorter growing seasons and would produce seeds that could withstand the cold. Section 3 Answers

Interest Grabber Answers 1. What types of organisms would you expect to find living in the intertidal zone? Students may say that plants and animals would be small. 2. What characteristics do you think these organisms have that enable them to live in this zone? Possible answer: Plants would have thick outer layers to resist drying during low tide. Animals would be able to burrow into the sand or have coverings that could hold in water. 3. What effect do waves have on the intertidal zone? Waves pound living things, causing them to bounce around, unless they have some means of staying attached to the sand or rocks on the bottom. Section 4 Answers

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