The Development of Religion The Vedic (Hindu) Religion in India, Hebrew Monotheism, and Persian Zoroastrianism The Development of Religion

Origins of Hinduism Originated over several centuries and from several cultures in India Collection of beliefs from the Vedas (1500-600 B.C.E) compiled by the Brahmins (priests) Dissatifaction with Brahmin practices led to the Upanishads (800-400 B.C.E) Gave rise to the caste system Challenged and reformed by the rise of Buddhism

Hindu Beliefs Brahman- World Soul Ultimate goal Caste System Atman- human soul a part of Brahman Ultimate goal Union with Brahman by achieving moksha (liberation) through samsana (reincarnation) Caste System Social mobility determined by karma Buddhism causes reform Focus on action and detached performance of caste duties Bhakti (worship) movement Adoration of gods Identification with a particular deity

Vishnu and Shiva Protector and preserver Destructor

Zoroastrianism Persian Empire Zarathustra (7-6th c B.C.E.) Beliefs Monotheistic (Ahura Mazda) Heaven and Hell Judgement Day Good (God) and Evil (Satan), Savior (Messiah) Assimilated into other monotheistic faiths

Hebrews in the Middle East 1000 BCE, split into two kingdoms North=Israel South=Judah Despite conquests by Assyria and Babylonian empires, retained culture and traditions

Judaism Yahweh- God Powerful and jealous Demands loyalty People could communicate with him Actively involved in human affairs In return for devotion to Yahweh, became his “chosen people” Basis for Christianity and Islam